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Micro 121 > Micr 121 Midterm > Flashcards

Micr 121 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

pinworm

most common worm infection in north america

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2
Q

Enterobius vermicularis life cycle

A

direct

human-enviro-human

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3
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides

A

foot long worm

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4
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides life cycle

A

Direct

ingest eggs, larvae hatch in small intestine

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5
Q

Taenia saginatum

A

Beef tapeworm

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6
Q

Taenia Solium

A

Pork tapeworm

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7
Q

Diphyllobothrium Latum

A

Fish tapeworm

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8
Q

Tapeworm life cycle

A

indirect life cycle

human-eggs into environment - cow - muscle- human

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9
Q

Schistosomes

A

Fluke (bird schistosomes)

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10
Q

Schistosomes life cycle

A

indirect life cycle

intermediate host - egg taken up by snail

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11
Q

Parasite detection (2 ways)

A

intestinal

tissue and blood

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12
Q

intestinal parasite detection

A

stool sample in preservative (formalin) to maintain the parasite structures

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13
Q

tissue and blood parasite detection

A

antibody detection
Biopsy
depends on where it infects
(GI- intestinal so look under microscope)

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14
Q

Beef and pork tapeworms are not found in north america because

A

cow must be exposed to human waste in sewage.

not happening in north america

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15
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

and transmission

A

intestinal protozoa
major pathogen where poor sanitation

Transmission: water/food
human only
direct transmission

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16
Q

Dientamoeba Fragilis

and transmission

A

intestinal protozoa
Worldwide, primarily in children
Human only
Transmission:Direct contact
does not have a cyst form therefore, will not survive in environment.
(often see kids with pinmarks may be through pinworm)

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17
Q

Giardia Lamblia

and transmission

A

intestinal protozoa
Beaver Fever
Transmission: Fresh water - camping

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18
Q

Cryptosporidium Parvum

and transmission

A

intestinal protozoa

Transmission: cattle, water system (rural pops with wells)

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19
Q

Cyclospora

and transmission

A

contaminates food
Rasberries lettuce
human pathogen

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20
Q

which intestinal protozoa is resistant to chlorine?

A

Cryptosporidium
therefore, water tx plants need to
1. chlorinate water
2. Filter water

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21
Q

Intestinal protozoa structures

A

Trophozoite: feeding form
Cyst Stage: Infective resting stage: resistant to adverse conditions in environment
only form that will survive in the environment.

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22
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis

A

Human only

Wet prep of vag swab for motile trophozoites

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23
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii

A

Commonly infects other vertebrae hosts - found in cats
Human infection often asymptomatic
Evades immune system and is stored in tissue cysts indefinitely.
Reactivated by:
1. immunocompromised - neurotoxoplasmosis
2. pregnant women - blindness and intellectual complications

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24
Q

Malaria: plasmodium species life cycle

A

indirect life cycle
asexual in vertebrae RBC
Sexual in mosquito
mosquito- blood-liver-blood-differentiate to gametocytes - mosquito - sexual stage.

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25
Q

to determine mortality rate of malaria

A

count number of RBCs

incr RBC number = incr mortality rate

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26
Q

Critical prevention of malaria

A

chemoprophylaxis

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27
Q

Chloroquin

A

common

not expensive

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28
Q

mefloquin

A

1X/week

causes nightmares

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29
Q

malarone

A

1X/day

not long time before

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30
Q

majority of malaria death is in

A

kids
if adults have survived have developed immunity
but if take out of environment will lose immunity

31
Q

chemoprophylaxis issues:

A

Dosing (Daily/wkly)
side effects
resistant *chloroquin)
Cost

32
Q

diagnosis of malaria

A

giemsa stain of thick and thin blood smear

33
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

secrete complex lipids = substrate for G+ bacteria

34
Q

end products of G+

A

are inhibitory for G -

35
Q

Majority of organisms on are skin are

A

G +

36
Q

part of skin that is mostly G-

A

Midsection

because colon is full of G-

37
Q

Lysozyme

A

in our eye

breaks down peptidoglycan similarly to pennicilins (inhibit cross linking of peptidoglycans)

38
Q

Conjunctival infections are from

A

mechanical deposition not aerosol spread.

39
Q

Few G+ in GI tract because

A

Bile - inhibitory to G+

40
Q

bacteria upper GI tract

A

Facultative

grows in presence or absence of oxygen

41
Q

bacteria in lower GI tract

A

Anaerobes

only grow in absence of oxygen

42
Q

less risk of infection after GI surgery in

A

upper GI tract d/t peristalsis

43
Q

this type of bacteria thrive in GI

A

anaerobes b/c competition for oxygen

44
Q

G+ bacteria that can grow in GI

A

enterococcus species

resistant to bile.

45
Q

Lactobacillus species

A

nonpathogenic organism
in female genital tract in women of child bearing age.
coat epithelial cells - bacteria can’t grow
acidic environment - bacteria can’t grow

46
Q

how lactobacilli are controlled

A

estrogen - epithelial cells - glycogen - incr lactobacilli(eat glycogen) - lactic acid

47
Q

Gram __ primarily in resp tract

A

+

48
Q

resp tract non specific resp defenses

A
  1. mucociliary elevator (ciliated hairs) - move material towards larynx and swallowed f
  2. cough reflex
  3. lysozyme
  4. lactoferrin: Binds free iron and limits bacteria using it to grow
  5. Secretory IgA
  6. alveolar macrophages
49
Q

IgM

A

early in infection

50
Q

IgG

A

long lasting memory

51
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

recognizes antigen on surface of cells
(pathogen multiples in cytoplasm - antigens carried to the surface - proliferation of these cells - T cells kill cells expressing the antigen

52
Q

Natural killer T cells

A

kill tumor cells

vrius infected cells

53
Q

inflammation

A

fills a gap between exposure and immune system response = critical defense at this time.

54
Q

inflammation works against and doesn’t work against

A

works: bacteria and fungal

does not: viral because cannot engulf viral cells.

55
Q

polymorphonuclear leukocyte

A

WBC “pus cell”

ingest all of the bacteria

56
Q

Phagocytic killing steps

A
  1. bacteria ingested in phagocyte (pocket)
    = phagosome
  2. phagosome fuses with the lysozome (digestive enzs)
    = phagolysozome
    =>killed by enzs
57
Q

opsonophagocytosis

A

antibody coated antigen

needed to enable phagocytosis of organisms with a capsule

58
Q

Slime layer

A

many organisms on medical device have a capsule and produce a slime layer -> biofilm

59
Q

biofilm

A

cannot be penetrated by:
antibody
antibiotics
Inflammation cells

60
Q

Organism that produces slime layer

A

staphylococcus epidermidis

61
Q

avoiding phagocytosis by killing the white cell

A

production of leucocidins (toxins) specific for WBCs

62
Q

avoiding phagocytosis (3)

A

capsule
slime layer
leucocidins (kill the WBC)

63
Q

Avoiding phagocytic killing (3)

A
  1. survive in the cytoplasm of the cell (phagocyte)
  2. inhibit fusion of phagosome and lysozome
  3. resist enzymatic killing
64
Q

surviving long term in phagocytic cell long term

A

macrophage
transport to other sites and spread infection
latency

65
Q

virulence factors

A

once avoidance of phagocytosis assists the organism ini initiating disease, produce these factors to cause further disease

66
Q

adherence

A

virulence factor
organisms must adhere to host tissues to establish a focus of infection
-> initiates the ability to cause disease.

67
Q

receptor for adherence

A

adhesin

68
Q

exotoxins

A

virulence factor
protein with enzymatic effects - only need small amount to get big effect
specific action on tissues
ability to convert to toxoids: a toxin that is recognized by our immune system that cannot fxn, make excellent vaccines against actual toxins.

69
Q

endotoxin

A

LPS in outer membrane of G- cell envelope.

generic

70
Q

LPS survives due to

A

heat stability

injectable package says pyrogen free, does not have endotoxin been tested past the autoclave test

71
Q

host response to endotoxin

A

binds to macrophage - induces immune modulators (cytokines) ->fever and hypotension (septic shock)

72
Q

mechanisms of action of exotoxins on GI

A
  1. cytolytic: lyse cells -> bloody diarrhea
  2. Inhibit intracellular metabolic functions.
    a. protein synthesis -> cell death
    b. alter cAMP (=ion and water transport) across cells = decr H2O absorption from gut and secretion into gut -> watery diarrhea
73
Q

which organisms cause both exotoxin effects

A

E. COli

C.Difficile

Micro 121 (3 decks)

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