Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Micro 121 > Micr 121 Midterm > Flashcards

Micr 121 Midterm Flashcards

(73 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Enterobius vermicularis

A

pinworm

most common worm infection in north america

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Enterobius vermicularis life cycle

A

direct

human-enviro-human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides

A

foot long worm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides life cycle

A

Direct

ingest eggs, larvae hatch in small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Taenia saginatum

A

Beef tapeworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Taenia Solium

A

Pork tapeworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Diphyllobothrium Latum

A

Fish tapeworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tapeworm life cycle

A

indirect life cycle

human-eggs into environment - cow - muscle- human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Schistosomes

A

Fluke (bird schistosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Schistosomes life cycle

A

indirect life cycle

intermediate host - egg taken up by snail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parasite detection (2 ways)

A

intestinal

tissue and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

intestinal parasite detection

A

stool sample in preservative (formalin) to maintain the parasite structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tissue and blood parasite detection

A

antibody detection
Biopsy
depends on where it infects
(GI- intestinal so look under microscope)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Beef and pork tapeworms are not found in north america because

A

cow must be exposed to human waste in sewage.

not happening in north america

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

and transmission

A

intestinal protozoa
major pathogen where poor sanitation

Transmission: water/food
human only
direct transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dientamoeba Fragilis

and transmission

A

intestinal protozoa
Worldwide, primarily in children
Human only
Transmission:Direct contact
does not have a cyst form therefore, will not survive in environment.
(often see kids with pinmarks may be through pinworm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Giardia Lamblia

and transmission

A

intestinal protozoa
Beaver Fever
Transmission: Fresh water - camping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cryptosporidium Parvum

and transmission

A

intestinal protozoa

Transmission: cattle, water system (rural pops with wells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cyclospora

and transmission

A

contaminates food
Rasberries lettuce
human pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which intestinal protozoa is resistant to chlorine?

A

Cryptosporidium
therefore, water tx plants need to
1. chlorinate water
2. Filter water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Intestinal protozoa structures

A

Trophozoite: feeding form
Cyst Stage: Infective resting stage: resistant to adverse conditions in environment
only form that will survive in the environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis

A

Human only

Wet prep of vag swab for motile trophozoites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii

A

Commonly infects other vertebrae hosts - found in cats
Human infection often asymptomatic
Evades immune system and is stored in tissue cysts indefinitely.
Reactivated by:
1. immunocompromised - neurotoxoplasmosis
2. pregnant women - blindness and intellectual complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Malaria: plasmodium species life cycle

A

indirect life cycle
asexual in vertebrae RBC
Sexual in mosquito
mosquito- blood-liver-blood-differentiate to gametocytes - mosquito - sexual stage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
to determine mortality rate of malaria
count number of RBCs | incr RBC number = incr mortality rate
26
Critical prevention of malaria
chemoprophylaxis
27
Chloroquin
common | not expensive
28
mefloquin
1X/week | causes nightmares
29
malarone
1X/day | not long time before
30
majority of malaria death is in
kids if adults have survived have developed immunity but if take out of environment will lose immunity
31
chemoprophylaxis issues:
Dosing (Daily/wkly) side effects resistant *chloroquin) Cost
32
diagnosis of malaria
giemsa stain of thick and thin blood smear
33
Sebaceous glands
secrete complex lipids = substrate for G+ bacteria
34
end products of G+
are inhibitory for G -
35
Majority of organisms on are skin are
G +
36
part of skin that is mostly G-
Midsection | because colon is full of G-
37
Lysozyme
in our eye | breaks down peptidoglycan similarly to pennicilins (inhibit cross linking of peptidoglycans)
38
Conjunctival infections are from
mechanical deposition not aerosol spread.
39
Few G+ in GI tract because
Bile - inhibitory to G+
40
bacteria upper GI tract
Facultative | grows in presence or absence of oxygen
41
bacteria in lower GI tract
Anaerobes | only grow in absence of oxygen
42
less risk of infection after GI surgery in
upper GI tract d/t peristalsis
43
this type of bacteria thrive in GI
anaerobes b/c competition for oxygen
44
G+ bacteria that can grow in GI
enterococcus species | resistant to bile.
45
Lactobacillus species
nonpathogenic organism in female genital tract in women of child bearing age. coat epithelial cells - bacteria can't grow acidic environment - bacteria can't grow
46
how lactobacilli are controlled
estrogen - epithelial cells - glycogen - incr lactobacilli(eat glycogen) - lactic acid
47
Gram __ primarily in resp tract
+
48
resp tract non specific resp defenses
1. mucociliary elevator (ciliated hairs) - move material towards larynx and swallowed f 2. cough reflex 3. lysozyme 4. lactoferrin: Binds free iron and limits bacteria using it to grow 5. Secretory IgA 6. alveolar macrophages
49
IgM
early in infection
50
IgG
long lasting memory
51
Cytotoxic T cells
recognizes antigen on surface of cells (pathogen multiples in cytoplasm - antigens carried to the surface - proliferation of these cells - T cells kill cells expressing the antigen
52
Natural killer T cells
kill tumor cells | vrius infected cells
53
inflammation
fills a gap between exposure and immune system response = critical defense at this time.
54
inflammation works against and doesn't work against
works: bacteria and fungal | does not: viral because cannot engulf viral cells.
55
polymorphonuclear leukocyte
WBC "pus cell" | ingest all of the bacteria
56
Phagocytic killing steps
1. bacteria ingested in phagocyte (pocket) = phagosome 2. phagosome fuses with the lysozome (digestive enzs) = phagolysozome =>killed by enzs
57
opsonophagocytosis
antibody coated antigen | needed to enable phagocytosis of organisms with a capsule
58
Slime layer
many organisms on medical device have a capsule and produce a slime layer -> biofilm
59
biofilm
cannot be penetrated by: antibody antibiotics Inflammation cells
60
Organism that produces slime layer
staphylococcus epidermidis
61
avoiding phagocytosis by killing the white cell
production of leucocidins (toxins) specific for WBCs
62
avoiding phagocytosis (3)
capsule slime layer leucocidins (kill the WBC)
63
Avoiding phagocytic killing (3)
1. survive in the cytoplasm of the cell (phagocyte) 2. inhibit fusion of phagosome and lysozome 3. resist enzymatic killing
64
surviving long term in phagocytic cell long term
macrophage transport to other sites and spread infection latency
65
virulence factors
once avoidance of phagocytosis assists the organism ini initiating disease, produce these factors to cause further disease
66
adherence
virulence factor organisms must adhere to host tissues to establish a focus of infection -> initiates the ability to cause disease.
67
receptor for adherence
adhesin
68
exotoxins
virulence factor protein with enzymatic effects - only need small amount to get big effect specific action on tissues ability to convert to toxoids: a toxin that is recognized by our immune system that cannot fxn, make excellent vaccines against actual toxins.
69
endotoxin
LPS in outer membrane of G- cell envelope. | generic
70
LPS survives due to
heat stability | injectable package says pyrogen free, does not have endotoxin been tested past the autoclave test
71
host response to endotoxin
binds to macrophage - induces immune modulators (cytokines) ->fever and hypotension (septic shock)
72
mechanisms of action of exotoxins on GI
1. cytolytic: lyse cells -> bloody diarrhea 2. Inhibit intracellular metabolic functions. a. protein synthesis -> cell death b. alter cAMP (=ion and water transport) across cells = decr H2O absorption from gut and secretion into gut -> watery diarrhea
73
which organisms cause both exotoxin effects
E. COli | C.Difficile

Micro 121 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions