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GDC > Viruses And Cancer > Flashcards

Viruses And Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the HPV genome

A

Non enrolled double stranded DNA

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2
Q

What are the 3 regions of HPV and their functions

A

LCR =

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3
Q

Where does the HPV reside in the muscles membranes or skin?

A

Keratinocytes basal stem cell.

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4
Q

How is the HPV able to evade the immune system?

A

Occurs within epithelium
No viraemia
No cell death
No inflammation

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5
Q

State the mechanism of replication of HPV

A

HPV enters through microabrasions and skin wounds

  1. L1 causes binding of genome to host cell
  2. L2 causes release of viral genome by ruptur of the membrane
  3. E1 acts as a DNA helicase and bind to LCR for replication
  4. E2: MASTER TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATOR. No replication occurs without it. What nuances binding of E1 and LCR,
  5. E4: facilitate release of the virion from keratinocytes
  6. E5: downregulation of MHC I for immune evasion
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6
Q

Which HPV part regulates E6 and 7?

A

E2

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7
Q

What is the difference between high and low risk HPV alpha?

A

High risk= causes DNA integration and cancer formation

Lower risk= does not cause DNA integration

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8
Q

What happens to the E2 protein in the cause of a high risk alpha HPV being integrated into a host’s genome?

A

The integration of girls DNA causes the inactivation of E2 protein, therefore no more viral replication occurs however cells are now transformed into malignant. There is now no negative regulation of E6 and 7 so they will be present in high amounts.

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9
Q

How do the E6 and E7 protein affect the host cell?

A

E6: decreased the p53 tumor suppressor gene function= NO APOPTOSIS
E7: decreases RB gene = continued cell cycle

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10
Q

Why can HPV not be grown in a tissue culture

A

Needs a differentiating keratinocyte to grow

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11
Q

What are the names of HPV vaccines

A

Gardasil

Cervarix

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12
Q

What is the type of cancer formed by HPV BETA?

A

Non melanoma skin cancer

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13
Q

What are the places on the human body more likely to develop cancer because of HPV virus?

A

Places exposed by the sun

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14
Q

How do E6 and 7 proteins behave in HOV beta?

A

E6: potent. Suppression of p53, no DNA repair or apoptosis
E7: function isn’t as strong as in HPV alpha

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15
Q

Do most people infected with HPV beta get cancer?

A

No, only immune compromised people

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16
Q

Where is the merckel cell situated?

A

Between the epidermis and dermis

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17
Q

What triggers meckel cell carcinoma?

A

25%

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18
Q

What virus can cause merckel cells carcinoma

A

Polyoma virus

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19
Q

What is the oncogene of polyoma virus?

A

Large tumor antigen

20
Q

What does the large tumor antigen of polyoma virus do

A
  1. It has a helicase activity by unwinding the viral DNA

2. It inactivated p53 and RB gene

21
Q

State the mechanism in which polyoma virus causes merckel cell carcinoma

A
  1. Infection during childhood, becomes dormant
  2. When patient becomes immunosuppressed, virus reactivates
  3. Large tumor antigen becomes integrated into human genome, however loses its helicase activity, virus can no longer proliferate.
  4. Cells transform and become malignant, supreesion of p53 and RB gene.
22
Q

Where does kapsosi’s sarcoma arise from?

A

Blood lining and vessels due to an infection with human herpes virus 8

23
Q

What is the disease commonly associated with kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

HIV

24
Q

What is the gene associated with the inactivation of p53 and rb protein in Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A

LANA

25
Q

What is the oncogene of hepatitis b?

A

X gene.

26
Q

State the effect of X gene of HBV on the human body

A

Anti apoptosis, unregulates CREB proteins which regulate hepatocyte function

27
Q

What does an increased activity of CREB proteins indicate

A

Hepatocarcinogenesis

28
Q

What hepatocellular functions does CREB regulate?

A

Lipid metabolism, gluconeogenesis, cell proliferation

29
Q

What are the two proteins in HCV that cause oncogenesis?

A
  1. Non structural protein 5B: the RNA polymerase. Inactivated rb gene
  2. Non structural protein 3: inactivates p53
30
Q

What are the two proteins in HCV that cause oncogenesis?

A
  1. Non structural protein 5B: the RNA polymerase. Inactivated rb gene
  2. Non structural protein 3, inactivates p53
31
Q

What are the two proteins in HCV that cause oncogenesis?

A
  1. Non structural protein 5B: the RNA polymerase. Inactivated rb gene
  2. Non structural protein 3, inactivates p53
32
Q

Which immune cell is affected in burkit’s lymphoma? How does it present itself?

A

B cell, malignancy in the jaw

33
Q

Which immune cell is affected in burkit’s lymphoma?

A

B cell

34
Q

Burkit’s lympho a is spread in the areas involving which other disease?

A

Malaria and HIV

35
Q

What reciprocal chromosomal translocation is a hallmark of burkkit’s lymphoma?

A

Translocation between c-myc gene on chromosome 8 and one of three immunoglobulin genes 2, 14, or 22

36
Q

What reciprocal chromosomal translocation is a hallmark of burkkit’s lymphoma?

A

Translocation between c-myc gene on chromosome 8 and one of three immunoglobulin genes 2, 14, or 22

37
Q

How is EBV usually transmitted

A

Through saliva (kissing)

38
Q

What virus causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

A

Epstein Barr virus

39
Q

Which immune cell level is elevated with glandular fever (Mononucleosis)

A

CD8 T cytotoxic cells

40
Q

What are the symptoms of mononucleosis

A

Photophobia, cough, nausea, splenomegaly

41
Q

What are the symptoms of mononucleosis

A

Photophobia, cough, nausea, splenomegaly

42
Q

What is the only retrovirus associated with cancer

A

HTLV1 (human T cell leukemia virus-1)

43
Q

Which cancer does the human T cell leukemia virus cause

A

Leukemia

44
Q

What is the specific cell impacted in leukemia’s caused by HTLV-1 (human T cell leukemia virus)

A

CD4 cells

45
Q

What does the TAX protein of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 do?

A

Suppresses tumor suppressor genes like p53 and CDKI

GDC (8 decks)

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