Vertical Flashcards
Give examples of 3 observational studies.
- Cross sectional: studies a population of diseased and non diseased people at specific point in time
- Cohort (prospective): studies a disease free population over the course of a few years in the future and tests their exposures
- Case control (retrospective): studies a population of disease and no disease and looks BACK IN TIME
What do we do in experimental studies?
Get a group of people and split them into two. One group will be a control group and the other will have medical intervention. We will then look at them over time and wait for the outcome
What is the good standard for cancer diagnosis?
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF A TUMOR BIOPSY
What can be a marker for prostrate cancer?
PSA
What are the two types of genes who’s mutations cause cancer?
Tumor suppressor gene
Oncogene
What are the four stages to the multistage carcinogenic model?
Initiation, promotion, conversion, progression.
State the ways in which obesity can induce cancer.
- High levels of adipokines which inhibit cell growth
- Chronic low level inflammation
- Estrogen production
- Insulin resistance
What causes chronic inflammation and why are they dangerous?
Obesity, infections that don’t go away, autoimmune disorders.
They cause DNA damage, leading to cancer.
The intake of estrogen at menopause can increase the risk of which cancers?
Endometrial and breast cancer
What is a Meta analysis
The combination of multiple studies into one.
What is a systemic review
Gathering a bunch of studies and putting into a final conclusion
When writing a systematic review, what are the things you should question before coming up with the final focus of the review?
PECO
Population, exposure, comparison, outcome
How do we usually display the results off systemic review?
Forest plot.
