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Biology 9 int. > Viruses and bacteria > Flashcards

Viruses and bacteria Flashcards

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1
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Created the smallpox vaccine by observing cowpox

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2
Q

Ignaz Semmelweiss

A

noticed people were dying of childbed fever, so he used scientific method to make people wash their hands

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3
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Developed germ theory, created the idea of pathogens making you sick

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4
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Cleaned his surgical instruments; 50% death rated went to 0%

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5
Q

Robert Koch

A

Made a way to link specific diseases to viruses; made agar to grow bacteria

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6
Q

What is a pathogen? List five types of pathogens (note: types, not examples).

A

Pathogens are a broad category of disease causing agents: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites

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7
Q

What is a vector? List three diseases that are transmitted by a vector.

A

A vector is another animal that transmits a disease to you; mosquito; lymes disease, malaria, Dengue fever

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8
Q

Use examples to describe the two methods by which pathogens are spread.

A

Direct contact and indirect contact

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9
Q

What conditions must be met before a specific pathogen is identified as the cause of a disease? (koch’s postulates)

A
  1. Must be found in abundance in sick organisms; not heathy ones
  2. the organism must be isolated from the organism and grown
  3. the organism should cause the same disease when given to a healthy organism
  4. the organism must be re-isolated and named
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10
Q

How did the work of Lister and Koch support Pasteur’s germ theory of disease?

A

Lister and Koch created ways to prevent spread of disease and created a way to grow and identify bacteria. this helped support germ theory because it allowed scientists to observe the effects of bacteria in a controlled environment

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11
Q

Prokaryote

A

Single celled, cell wall, membrane, no nucleus surrounding DNA, no membrane bound organelles

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12
Q

Eukaryote

A

have a nucleus to protect DNA and have many organelles; human cells

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13
Q

bacteria

A

widespread alive organisms that work for good and bad in your body

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14
Q

archea

A

less widespread, have cell walls

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15
Q

How do obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, and facultative anaerobes differ from one another?

A

obligate anaerobes cannot live with oxygen, obligate aerobes need oxygen, facultative aerobes can survive with or without.

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16
Q

Describe / identify and name the three most common shapes of bacteria.

A

Spirilla=spiral, bacil=rod, cocci=circle

17
Q

Prokaryotes multiply by binary fission. Describe this process.

A

the process for bacteria to divide in half , chromosomes copy themselves, cell doubles in size then splits into two.

18
Q

What are the two ways in which bacteria can cause disease?

A

Indirect and Direct conact

19
Q

How can antibiotics stop bacterial infections?

A

Antibiotics kill bacteria by attacking their cell walls

20
Q

Why don’t antibiotics affect the cells of the patient/host?

A

Antibiotics only attack cells with cell walls so they don’t hurt animal/human cells

21
Q

What is antibiotic resistance? Why is it a problem?

A

By underusing antibiotics, it causes natural selection to occur leading to evolution in their existence to antibiotics

22
Q

Explain why antibiotics are not effective against viruses.

A

antibiotics don’t work on viruses cause viruses aren’t alive and don’t have a cell wall

23
Q

Name five infections (examples) caused by bacteria.

A

tuberculosis, strep, staph, salmonella, chlamydia

24
Q

Compare and contrast viruses and bacteria.

A

viruses aren’t alive and are much smaller while bacteria are alive and can reproduce without a host

25
Q

Compare and contrast vaccines and antibiotics.

A

vaccines prevent a virus from ever infecting you white antibiotics attack bacteria

26
Q

What are the main differences between living cells and viruses?

A

viruses are DNA/RNA coated in protein while cells are alive

27
Q

How are viruses, viroids, and prions similar? How are they different?

A

viruses are DNA/RNA in proteins, viroids are infectious RNA that attack plants, prions are infectious particles that cause normal proteins to not work

28
Q

Name and describe the main structural components of a typical virus.

A

Capsid = protein shell, DNA/RNA

29
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects bacteria; looks like a syringe that injects its DNA into a cell

30
Q

Explain how the structure of a virus determines the type of host it can infect.

A

Viruses have a specific antigenic site and when it touches a cells receptor it lets the virus in; one specie of virus attacks one type of cell

31
Q

lysogenic cycles

A

DNA is injected, virus DNA hides in cell DNA, when the cell reproduces the virus DNA reproduces to, switches to lytic, then hides in your DNA when your body tries to fight it. Long term disease like AIDS

32
Q

Is a wart caused by a virus that’s been dormant for years lysogenic or lytic

A

Lysogenic; virus went dormant

33
Q

why is it easier to grow viruses and not bacteria

A

Viruses need a host to grow so they don’t grow on Petri dishes; bacteria can reproduce not their own cause they are alive

34
Q

What’s a vaccine

A

a vaccine is a weakened version of a virus that teaches your cells to fight off the virus in the future

35
Q

Name five infections caused by viruses.

A

HIV, SARS, Influenza, the common cold, COVID

36
Q

Why do children and elders need vaccines most

A

Children and Elders have new/weakened immune systems so they are most at risk

37
Q

why would a vaccine make you feel a little sick

A

Your getting a little bit of a virus so it might make you a bit sick; in addition your body raises its defenses to fight the virus causing you to feel sympoms

38
Q

Why do people with AIDs have a harder time fighting off simple diseases

A

AIDs disease attacks the cells in your immune system so its harder to fight simple diseases

39
Q

lytic cycle

A

DNA is injected, DNA tells cell to make copies, Copies of the virus burst out of the cell and spread; sickness like the flu

Biology 9 int. (2 decks)

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