Anatomy

Question 1

What are the properties of water?

Answer 1

structure, polarity, hydrogen bonds, cohesion, adhesion, capillary action, surface tension, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, density properties, universal solvent

Question 2

What is pH 7

Answer 2

Neutral - even hydroxide and hydrogen

Question 3

What is pH 4

Answer 3

Acid - more hydrogen (H+)

Question 4

What is pH 9

Answer 4

Base - more hydroxide (-OH)

Question 5

What are the four types of Bio-macromolecules

Answer 5

Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

C,O,H - monosaccharide - glucose - short term energy - H:O = 2:1

Question 7

Nucleic Acids

Answer 7

C,H,N,O, Phosphorus - Nucleotides - DNA - stores instructions for life

Question 8

Proteins

Answer 8

C,H,O,N - Amino Acids - Enzymes - form structures

Question 9

Lipids

Answer 9

C,H,O - Fatty acids & glycerol - fats and oils - Stored energy in cells - H>O

Question 10

Saturated vs Unsaturated

Answer 10

Saturated = solid, Unsaturated = liquid

Question 11

What’s a phospholipid and why is it important

Answer 11

Two layers of lipids that make up the cell membrane

Question 12

What type of bond forms between amino acids as they join together to build a protein?

Answer 12

Peptide Bond

Question 13

Name and describe the reaction that puts monomers together to form polymers.

Answer 13

Dehydration synthesis; The -OH and +H from two monomers make water and drop out leaving a bond

Question 14

Name and describe the reaction that splits polymers apart to form monomers.

Answer 14

Hydrolysis; water is added back to a polymer causing the monomers to split and go back to normal.

Question 15

Endothermic

Answer 15

In endothermic reactions energy is absorbed and the graph doesn’t go all the way down - Cold

Question 16

Exothermic

Answer 16

The reactions energy is lost and the graph dips below the starting energy - hot

Question 17

Activation Energy

Answer 17

from start of graph to its peak is the energy required to start a reaction

Question 18

What does an enzyme do

Answer 18

an enzyme lowers the activation energy required for a reaction, bump on graph gets smaller

Question 19

How do enzymes work

Answer 19

They fit into a substrate and split it into two

Question 20

What’s an organic catalyst

Answer 20

Enzymes are organic catalysts because they occur naturally

Question 21

What are the different enzyme models

Answer 21

Lock and key - enzyme fits in substrate and splits them
Induced fit - substrate stretches then tightens around enzyme so its easier to split.

Question 22

What is the purpose of the active site of an enzyme?

Answer 22

An activation site is where the enzyme meets the substrate

Question 23

What factors/conditions can impact an enzyme’s ability to function?

Answer 23

Hot, Cold, Substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, competitive inhibition, non optimal pH

Question 24

What happens to enzymes when subjected to high temperature and non-optimal pH?

Answer 24

They change their shape so they can’t function

Question 25

How does increasing the enzyme / substrate concentration affect enzyme reaction rate?

Answer 25

Increasing enzyme concentration increases effectiveness
Increasing substrate concentration works for a while until theres too many

Question 26

How do inhibitors affect enzyme reaction rate?

Answer 26

They make it less productive because two substances are competing for an activation site

Question 27

Mechanical vs chemical digestion

Answer 27

Mechanical breaks food into smaller pieces while chemical breaks it into molecules the cell can use

Question 28

What does the mouth do?

Answer 28

Mechanical and Chemical digestion; uses saliva, teeth, and tongue

Question 29

What does the esophagus do?

Answer 29

Mechanical; doesn’t use enzymes; transports food from mouth to stomach

Question 30

What does the small intestine do?

Answer 30

PRIMARY ORGAN OF DIGESTION; mechanical and chemical; absorbs nutrients through villi

Question 31

What does the large intestine do?

Answer 31

Doesn’t digest; no enzymes; removes excess water and helps consolidate waste

Question 32

What does the stomach do?

Answer 32

Mechanical and Chemical; churns food and releases PEPSIN, HCI, and mucus

Question 33

What are the names of food as it passes through the body

Answer 33

food: Mouth - Bolus: Esophagus/stomach - Chyme: rest of digestive system

Question 34

Why doesn’t the stomach digest itself?

Answer 34

The stomach is lined with epithelial cells that produce mucus to protect it

Question 35

Why are the pancreas and liver considered accessory organs?

Answer 35

They are considered accessory because food doesn’t actually pass through these organs; not in the digestive track

Question 36

where and what does the liver do

Answer 36

The liver uses bile and breaks down fats

Question 37

where and what does the pancreas do

Answer 37

The pancreas makes enzymes to help with digestion

Question 38

What are the three sections, in order, of the small intestine?

Answer 38

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Question 39

What are villi and microvilli? What is the purpose of these structures in the small intestine?

Answer 39

Villi stick out in open space in your small intestine and are covered in cells that have microvilli to absorb more nutrients

Question 40

What occurs in the large intestine?

Answer 40

absorption of water, absorption of vitamins, and movement towards anus

Question 41

What is the function of the bacteria in the large intestine?

Answer 41

They protect the intestine and produce vitamins

Question 42

what does the gallbladder do

Answer 42

holds bile to be used to break down lipids ( sent needed)