Viruses Flashcards by haydn griffiths

What are the general characteristics of Rickettsia virus

Gram -ve - small pleomorphic - Ribosomes for protein synthesis - Replicates intracellularly - Produces toxins- (Fission of double membrane with daughter cells with infectivity of parent cell)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the natural hosts/transmitters of Rickettsia virus

Hosts = Vertebrates (rodents/Reservoir host/Asymptomatic) Transmitters = Biting/sucking arthropods (Fleas, ticks , mites)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 2 main family’s of Rickettsia

Rickettsiaceae = infects endothellia cells (Lukecysites) Causing Lymphoreticular/Vascular damage) Anaplasmataceae = Infects RBCs causing RBC damage/anaemia + Haemoglobinuria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Lymphoreticular

Leaking of blood cells/Vascular cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the general characteristics of Chlamydia

Gram -ve - Replication in cytoplasm - Infectious elementary body infects cell -> Forms large reticulate body (Non infectious) -> Fission division -> Re-organised into Progeny elementary bodies - Dependent on host for ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How is Chlamydia transmitted

Fluids/direct transmission (No arthropods)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What virus causes cattle tick fever

Anaplasma Marginale

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the clinical signs/Distribution of Anaplasma marginale (Cattle tick fever)

Mild fever - Jaundice - Anaemia Boophilus microplus (Cattle tick) - or mechanically via veterinary procedures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 5 main Chlamydia species endemic to Australia

C. trachomatis - C. pneumoniae - C. psittaci - C. felis - C. pecorum/Koala one

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the general features of Chlamydia trachomatis

Host specific to humans - expressed as Trachoma (Infection in eye causing corneal scaring) or Urogenital (STD - infertility in women)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the general features of Chlamydia pneumoniae

Isolated from koalas - common respiratory disease in humans via rhinitis/coughing/sneezing/serous nasal discharge

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Rhinitis

Inflamation of the mucous membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the general features of Chlamydia psittaci

Zoonotic - Symptoms dependant of host species - transmitted via direct contact/Aerosols (Dried feacal/nasal excrement)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the general features of Chlamydia felis

Cats - 3 to 10 day incubation period - Conjunctivitits / nasal discharge / Sneezing - Transmitted via direct contact

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the general features of Chlamydia pecorum in live stock

signs = polyarthritis - Fever - Inappetence - depression - Death (Vague) - Sporadic outbreaks of ovine abortions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Polyarthiritis

Systemic infection localisation (Stiff joints) of organisms in serous membranes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the general features of Chlamydia pecorum in koalas

Keretoconjunctivitis (Eye infection) - Urogenital tract infection - transmitted via sexually / fighting (males/mothers + offspring)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a virus

A piece of nucleric acid (DNA/RNA) that replicates within a host cell, using the cells synthetic machinery (Ribosomes,transcription,translation) to synthetise specialized elements (Infectious bodies) to transfer the viral genome to another host cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do virus differ from other micro-organisms

Viruses need host cell for replication - Viruses are particulate (small single particule) - Viruses are relatively simple

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Describe the components of a virus

Nucleric acid genome (DNA or RNA) - Enclosed within a capsid(capsomers = subunits) - does or does not have an envelope modified from the host cells membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are helical viruses

Viruses that are enveloped RNA that nearly all have a negative sense (3’ to 5’) (coiled RNA in a protein subunit)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the current classification schemes of viruses based on

A combination of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can viruses be classified

Genome characteristic - Morphology of the virion - Replication - Characteristic enzymes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can viruses be classified using Genome characteristics

DNA or RNA - Size - Single or double stranded - Circular or linear - Number of molecules within the virion - Nucleotide sequence/presence of characteristics open reading frames

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How can viruses be classified using Morphology of the virion

Shape and size - Number of capsomers - Presence or absence of an envelope

How can viruses be classified using possession of characteristic enzymes

Presence or absence of reverse transcriptase - Neuraminidase (Cleave) ECT

How are virus taxa chosen

Initialisms/Acronyms - Geographical locations - Clinical signs of the disease they're associated - Microscopic lesions they induce in host cell - Microscopic morphology features of virus

What are the 10 steps in the replication of DNA based viruses

Attachment/Absorption -\> Penetration -\> Uncoating/Transport to replication site -\> early Transcription + Translation -\> DNA synthesis -\> Late Transcription + Translation -\> Assembly -\> Release

What are the similarities/differences of RNA based viruses replication

1,2,3 steps similar to DNA - 4 + sense Start transcription then flip for the mirror image/ - sense need intravirion polmerase - Steps 9,10 are the same

How are Retroviruses transcribed in replication

+ sense RNA + reverse transcriptase -\> ssDNA + reverse transcriptase -\> dsDNA -\> Hydrolysis of host DNA -\> new virus dsDNA inserted

What is Proviral DNA

Virus DNA inside the cell DNA

What are some important generalisations of Enveloped viruses

Enveloped typically are more fragile to environment Non-enveloped are typically more resistant to environment

What are some important generalisations of Physical inactivation

Heat = Denatures proteins Desiccation (Drying of virus) = Long periods of inactive state Radiation = Breaks nucleotides chain

What are some important chemical inactivation

Detergents - Alcoholes - Halogens - Oxidising agents - Acid/bases - Alkylating agents

What are some methods of viruses detection

Cell cultures - Embryonated eggs - Electron microscopy - Tissue sections - Serology - Molecular - Computet next gen sequencing - Syncytia - Presence of antibodies

What are the 3 types of cell cultures

Primary cell culture (Chick embryo firoblasts) Secondary cell culture (Cell strains ie Calf kidneys) Continuous cell culture (Cell lines ie Veros = Lineages of cells)

What are the 4 main places viruses are incubated in an Embryonated egg/How to recognise the presence of a virus

Chorio-allantoic membrane (Sticks to the shell) - Allantoic cavity (Whites) - Amniotic (Fetus's sac) Yolk sac Death of embryo/Pocks or plaques on membrane/Haemaglutination

What is Serology

The detection of antigens from the viral protein

What is Molecular virus detection

PCR sequencing

What is Computet Next Gen Sequencing

Sequencing of genomes

What is Syncytia

Detecting large cells

What is a virus neutralisation test

the dilution of a serum to 64 times to remove all antibodies to allow the virus to grow again to test - Paired serum samples can see if there is virus growth or not

What are the general characteristics of Poxviridae

Enveloped - Replication in cytoplasm (Does not need nuclues) - Target epithelial cells (Skin/respiratory) - Transmission via respiratory route/Arthropods (Mechanically) - Causing large intr-cytoplasmic inclusion bodies

What are the major poxviral disease of vet significance

Orf virus (Scabby mouth) (Zoonosis) - Avipoxvirus - Leporipoxvirus

What is Avipoxvirus/signs/forms

Depression - Reduced appetite - Poor growth/Egg production Cutaneous (dry) / Diptheritic (Wet) Transmitted via mosquito bites (Blood to blood)

What are the species of Avipoxvirus

Canarypox - Fowlpox - Pigeonpox - Quailpox - Turkeypox

What is Leporipoxvirus/signs/transmission

Myxoma virus -\> Myxomatosis - signs Blepharo (inflamation in eyelids) / Conjunctivits Transmission via Arthropods Vaccine RHD effective on RHDV1 K5

What are the general characteristics of papillomaviruses

Not enveloped - Replication intranuclear - Target epithelial cells - Hosts Amniotes - transmission direct contact (cut) - infection site Keratinocytes (Under skin basel epithelial cells) - Stops E6 protein causing Sarcoids

What are Sarcoids

Cancer like growth on the lower limbs

What are the general characteristics of Polyomavirvuses

Not enveloped - Replication intranuclear - Target numerous cell types - Host birds/mammals - Stops E6 protein

What does Budgerigar fledgling polyomavirus cause

Effects fledgling birds causing Lethargy - Crop stasis = death in 24-48 hours

What are the general characteristics of Parvoviruses

Not enveloped - Replication intranuclear (Autonomous virus) - Target Enterocytes (Rapidly dividing cells) - Host Arthropods/Mammals - Highly infectious

What are Autonomous viruses

Viruses dependant on S-phase (Replication) as they only occur in dividing cells

What are the general characteristics of Circoviruses

Not Enveloped - Replication intranuclear - Target epithelia/bone marrow derived cells - Host Birds/Mammals

What are associated diseases of Parvoviruses

Feline panleukepenia virus (FePLV) Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2)

What is the origin of Canine parvovirus type 2

FePLV -\> Mutation -\> Mink/racoon/fox-parvovirus -\> Mutation of species -\> Canine parvovirus type 2 -\> Mutation -\> CPV2 a, b, c (These can infect cats)

What are clinical signs of CPV2

Neonatal pups = general disease syndrome Nursing pups = Myocarditis (Cardiomyopathy if they survive) Weaned pups = Protacted vomiting - anorexia - Lethargy - Diarrhoea - Dehydration - Blood stained feaces - Haemorrhagic Dogs = similar to weaned pups

What is Myocarditis

Inflammation of heart muscles

What is Cardiomyopathy

Damaged heart muscle = harder to pump blood

What can occur if a pregnant sow is infected with Porcine parvovirus

SMEDI - Can be prevented with vaccines

What is SMEDI

Still birth - Mummification - Embryonic - Death - Infertility

What are the general features of Chicken anaemia virus (CAV)

Replicates in Hemocyblasts within the bone marrow, Thymus, and Spleen - Transmitted via feacel matter/maternally antibodies - Clinical signs = 12-17 days after hatching/infection - Anorectic/Lethargic/Depressed/Pale Haemoatology = Anaemia/Leukopenia/Pancytopenia

What are the general features of Beak - Feather disease virus (PBFDV)

Clinical signs = Feathering abnormalities/Immune suppression - Transmission via Aerosols/Direct-Indirect contact - Histopathology = Inflammatory cells in feather pulp/Bursa (Basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies)

Why is it difficult to eradicate Parvoviruses

What are the general characteristics of Herpesviruses

What is the life cycle/envelope acquisition of Herpesviruses

What are the classification and subfamily properties of Herpesviruses

What does Cercopithecine herpesirvus B (Monkey herpes) / Herpesvirus simplex virus 1 (HSV1) cause

What does Human Herpesvirus 3 (Viricella and Zoster) cause

What does Gallid Herpesvirus 1 cause in chickens/pheasants

What does Gallid Herpesvirus 2 cause/what cells it infects

What does Canid Herpesvirus 1 cause

What does Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) and (BHV2) cause

What does Equine Heerpesvirus 1 Cause

What does the Exotic Suid Herpesvirus 1 (SHV1) cause

What does Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) cause, and what two viruses can cause MCF

What is the transmission/Survival/Persistent infection/Episomal Heresvirus genomes of Herpesviruses

Discribe the simple steps of latency

What are the general characteristics of Retroviruses

Discribe the life cycle of Retroviruses

What are the Alpha - Beta - and Gamma taxonomy of Retroviruses

What are the Delta and Lenti taxonomy of Retroviruses

What are/function of Endogenous Retrovirvuses (Junk DNA) and what does HERV stand for

What makes Lentiviruses different from other Retroviruses

What mechanisms of Retroviruses induce neoplasia

How do screening tests for Retrovirus infections work/happen

Compare and contrast FeLV and FIV

What are the 8 main Retrovirsues of livestock

Jaasiekte virus - Feline leukaemia virus - Feline immunodeficiency virus - Reticuloendotheliosis virus - Koala retrovirus - Bovine leukaemia virus - Caprine arthritis - Equine infectious anaemia

What does the retrovirus - Jaasiekte virus cause

What does the retrovirus - Reticuloendotheliosis virus cause

What does the retrovirus - Feline Immunodeficieny virus cause

What are the general characteristics of Picornaviruses

Why can Enteroviruses (Picornaviruses) cause neurological disease

Discribe swine vesicular disease and its importance (Picornavirus)

How does Swine vesicular disease virus (SVD) differ to FMD

Explain the importance of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMD)

Explain the Transmission of FMD

Explain the Persistence of FMD

In level of serverity what species are effected by FMD

1) Calves,Lambs,Piglets (Myocardial infection) 2) Cattle (Vesicles in oral area/coronary bands and interdigital cleft on feet) 3) Pigs (Similar to cattle, but larger replication of virus) 4) Sheep/goats (very few vesicles on mouth/coronary band)

Discribe the epidemiology of Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)

What is the cause of epidemic tremor in chickens

What is the family, genus, and subtypes of influenzavirus

What are the 5 step naming process of influenzavirus

What are the general characteristics of Influenza

What is the function of Haemagglutinin in influenza

What is the function of Neuraminidase in Influenza

What are the mutation mechanisms of Antigenic shift

What are the mutation mechanisms of Antigenic drift

Discribe the first steps in LPAI mutation of Avian Influenza

What are the two biotypes of Avian Influenzavirus

What is the pathology of HPAI in chickens

What are the general characteristics of Paramyxoviruses

How does the F (fusion protein) work in Paramyxoviruses

What are the two Paramyxoviruses of canine

What does the Paramyxoviruses Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) cause/strains

What two Paramyxoviruses start in Flying foxes and can transfur into humans

What Pneumovirus causes Acute viral pneumonia/Bovine repiratory disease complex

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

What are the general characteristics of Rhabdoviruses

What Rhabdovirus is endemic to Australia

Australian bat lyssavirus (Genotype 2)

True or false, Rabies viruses are zoonotic and endemic everywhere but Australia and Antarctica

True

What is the pathogenesis of rabies in animals

What are the symptoms of Rabies in humans

How do you diagnosis Rabies

What are the epidemiology of rabies

What are some general features of Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV)

What vaccines are availible for Rabies

What is the treatment for a rabies case Pre/Post exposure

What are the general characteristics/species of Arterivirdae

What does Equine arteritis virus cause/Transmission

What are the clinical signs/transmission/causes of Porcine reproductive and respiratory disease virus (PRRSV 1-2)

What are the general characteristics of Coronaviridae

What are the clinical signs of Transmissible Gastroenteritis virus (TGE)

What are the clinical signs of Porcine epidemic diarrhoae virus (PEDV)

What are the 2 pathotypes of Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

What are the general clinical signs of FIPV along with its wet and dry forms

What does Bovine Coronavirus cause

What does Infectious Bronchitis virus (IV) cause

What are the general characteristics of Reoviridae

What are the general features of Rotavirus

What is an Arboviruses

It is Arthropod-Borne-Viruses

Define the transmission of Arboviruses

What are the general features of African swine fever (Arbovirus)

What are the clinical features/Diagnosis of Arbovirus diseases

What are the ecological factors of Arboviruses

Describe the general features of Ross River Virus (Arbovirus)

Descirbe the Features of Rift valley fever virus (Arbovirus)

What are the general features of Akabane virus (Arbovirus)

What are the general features of West nile virus (Kunjin strain) (Arbovirus)

What are the general charactisitcs of Bluetougne virus (Arbovirus)

What are the general charactisitcs in cattle of Bluetougne virus (Arbovirus)

What does Bovine ephemeral fever virus cause (Arbovirus)

What sentinel animals are used for what arboviruses

What are the general charactistics of Calicicviridae (Genus and effected species as well)

What are the clinical signs of Rabbit Haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV1)

What are the general features of Feline Calicivirus

What are the general features of Birnaviridae

What is Prionoses and why is it hard to "kill"

What are the clinical signs of Prionoses diseases

What is the prion hypothesis

What are the clinical signs of Scrapie/ what is Atypical scrapie

What are the general features of Bovine Spongiform encephalopathies (BSE) Mad cow disease

What are the 5 factors involed in the spread of a disease

1) Duration of viruses survival - 2) Mode of transmission - 3) Continual supply of susceptible hosts - 4) Ability of virus to exhibit phinotypic change - 5) Ability to infect hosts in latent form/Produce persistent viral infection

what factors with examples aid in the duration of viruses survival