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VET211 > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of Rickettsia virus

A

Gram -ve - small pleomorphic - Ribosomes for protein synthesis - Replicates intracellularly - Produces toxins- (Fission of double membrane with daughter cells with infectivity of parent cell)

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2
Q

What are the natural hosts/transmitters of Rickettsia virus

A

Hosts = Vertebrates (rodents/Reservoir host/Asymptomatic) Transmitters = Biting/sucking arthropods (Fleas, ticks , mites)

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3
Q

What are the 2 main family’s of Rickettsia

A

Rickettsiaceae = infects endothellia cells (Lukecysites) Causing Lymphoreticular/Vascular damage) Anaplasmataceae = Infects RBCs causing RBC damage/anaemia + Haemoglobinuria

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4
Q

What is Lymphoreticular

A

Leaking of blood cells/Vascular cells

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5
Q

What are the general characteristics of Chlamydia

A

Gram -ve - Replication in cytoplasm - Infectious elementary body infects cell -> Forms large reticulate body (Non infectious) -> Fission division -> Re-organised into Progeny elementary bodies - Dependent on host for ATP

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6
Q

How is Chlamydia transmitted

A

Fluids/direct transmission (No arthropods)

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7
Q

What virus causes cattle tick fever

A

Anaplasma Marginale

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs/Distribution of Anaplasma marginale (Cattle tick fever)

A

Mild fever - Jaundice - Anaemia Boophilus microplus (Cattle tick) - or mechanically via veterinary procedures

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9
Q

What are the 5 main Chlamydia species endemic to Australia

A

C. trachomatis - C. pneumoniae - C. psittaci - C. felis - C. pecorum/Koala one

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10
Q

What are the general features of Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Host specific to humans - expressed as Trachoma (Infection in eye causing corneal scaring) or Urogenital (STD - infertility in women)

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11
Q

What are the general features of Chlamydia pneumoniae

A

Isolated from koalas - common respiratory disease in humans via rhinitis/coughing/sneezing/serous nasal discharge

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12
Q

What is Rhinitis

A

Inflamation of the mucous membrane

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13
Q

What are the general features of Chlamydia psittaci

A

Zoonotic - Symptoms dependant of host species - transmitted via direct contact/Aerosols (Dried feacal/nasal excrement)

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14
Q

What are the general features of Chlamydia felis

A

Cats - 3 to 10 day incubation period - Conjunctivitits / nasal discharge / Sneezing - Transmitted via direct contact

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15
Q

What are the general features of Chlamydia pecorum in live stock

A

signs = polyarthritis - Fever - Inappetence - depression - Death (Vague) - Sporadic outbreaks of ovine abortions

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16
Q

What is Polyarthiritis

A

Systemic infection localisation (Stiff joints) of organisms in serous membranes

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17
Q

What are the general features of Chlamydia pecorum in koalas

A

Keretoconjunctivitis (Eye infection) - Urogenital tract infection - transmitted via sexually / fighting (males/mothers + offspring)

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18
Q

What is a virus

A

A piece of nucleric acid (DNA/RNA) that replicates within a host cell, using the cells synthetic machinery (Ribosomes,transcription,translation) to synthetise specialized elements (Infectious bodies) to transfer the viral genome to another host cell

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19
Q

How do virus differ from other micro-organisms

A

Viruses need host cell for replication - Viruses are particulate (small single particule) - Viruses are relatively simple

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20
Q

Describe the components of a virus

A

Nucleric acid genome (DNA or RNA) - Enclosed within a capsid(capsomers = subunits) - does or does not have an envelope modified from the host cells membrane

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21
Q

What are helical viruses

A

Viruses that are enveloped RNA that nearly all have a negative sense (3’ to 5’) (coiled RNA in a protein subunit)

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22
Q

What are the current classification schemes of viruses based on

A

A combination of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics

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23
Q

How can viruses be classified

A

Genome characteristic - Morphology of the virion - Replication - Characteristic enzymes

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24
Q

How can viruses be classified using Genome characteristics

A

DNA or RNA - Size - Single or double stranded - Circular or linear - Number of molecules within the virion - Nucleotide sequence/presence of characteristics open reading frames

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25
Q

How can viruses be classified using Morphology of the virion

A

Shape and size - Number of capsomers - Presence or absence of an envelope

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26
Q

How can viruses be classified using possession of characteristic enzymes

A

Presence or absence of reverse transcriptase - Neuraminidase (Cleave) ECT

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27
Q

How are virus taxa chosen

A

Initialisms/Acronyms - Geographical locations - Clinical signs of the disease they’re associated - Microscopic lesions they induce in host cell - Microscopic morphology features of virus

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28
Q

What are the 10 steps in the replication of DNA based viruses

A

Attachment/Absorption -> Penetration -> Uncoating/Transport to replication site -> early Transcription + Translation -> DNA synthesis -> Late Transcription + Translation -> Assembly -> Release

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29
Q

What are the similarities/differences of RNA based viruses replication

A

1,2,3 steps similar to DNA - 4 + sense Start transcription then flip for the mirror image/ - sense need intravirion polmerase - Steps 9,10 are the same

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30
Q

How are Retroviruses transcribed in replication

A

+ sense RNA + reverse transcriptase -> ssDNA + reverse transcriptase -> dsDNA -> Hydrolysis of host DNA -> new virus dsDNA inserted

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31
Q

What is Proviral DNA

A

Virus DNA inside the cell DNA

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32
Q

What are some important generalisations of Enveloped viruses

A

Enveloped typically are more fragile to environment Non-enveloped are typically more resistant to environment

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33
Q

What are some important generalisations of Physical inactivation

A

Heat = Denatures proteins Desiccation (Drying of virus) = Long periods of inactive state Radiation = Breaks nucleotides chain

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34
Q

What are some important chemical inactivation

A

Detergents - Alcoholes - Halogens - Oxidising agents - Acid/bases - Alkylating agents

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35
Q

What are some methods of viruses detection

A

Cell cultures - Embryonated eggs - Electron microscopy - Tissue sections - Serology - Molecular - Computet next gen sequencing - Syncytia - Presence of antibodies

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36
Q

What are the 3 types of cell cultures

A

Primary cell culture (Chick embryo firoblasts) Secondary cell culture (Cell strains ie Calf kidneys) Continuous cell culture (Cell lines ie Veros = Lineages of cells)

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37
Q

What are the 4 main places viruses are incubated in an Embryonated egg/How to recognise the presence of a virus

A

Chorio-allantoic membrane (Sticks to the shell) - Allantoic cavity (Whites) - Amniotic (Fetus’s sac) Yolk sac Death of embryo/Pocks or plaques on membrane/Haemaglutination

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38
Q

What is Serology

A

The detection of antigens from the viral protein

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39
Q

What is Molecular virus detection

A

PCR sequencing

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40
Q

What is Computet Next Gen Sequencing

A

Sequencing of genomes

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41
Q

What is Syncytia

A

Detecting large cells

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42
Q

What is a virus neutralisation test

A

the dilution of a serum to 64 times to remove all antibodies to allow the virus to grow again to test - Paired serum samples can see if there is virus growth or not

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43
Q

What are the general characteristics of Poxviridae

A

Enveloped - Replication in cytoplasm (Does not need nuclues) - Target epithelial cells (Skin/respiratory) - Transmission via respiratory route/Arthropods (Mechanically) - Causing large intr-cytoplasmic inclusion bodies

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44
Q

What are the major poxviral disease of vet significance

A

Orf virus (Scabby mouth) (Zoonosis) - Avipoxvirus - Leporipoxvirus

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45
Q

What is Avipoxvirus/signs/forms

A

Depression - Reduced appetite - Poor growth/Egg production Cutaneous (dry) / Diptheritic (Wet) Transmitted via mosquito bites (Blood to blood)

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46
Q

What are the species of Avipoxvirus

A

Canarypox - Fowlpox - Pigeonpox - Quailpox - Turkeypox

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47
Q

What is Leporipoxvirus/signs/transmission

A

Myxoma virus -> Myxomatosis - signs Blepharo (inflamation in eyelids) / Conjunctivits Transmission via Arthropods Vaccine RHD effective on RHDV1 K5

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48
Q

What are the general characteristics of papillomaviruses

A

Not enveloped - Replication intranuclear - Target epithelial cells - Hosts Amniotes - transmission direct contact (cut) - infection site Keratinocytes (Under skin basel epithelial cells) - Stops E6 protein causing Sarcoids

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49
Q

What are Sarcoids

A

Cancer like growth on the lower limbs

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50
Q

What are the general characteristics of Polyomavirvuses

A

Not enveloped - Replication intranuclear - Target numerous cell types - Host birds/mammals - Stops E6 protein

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51
Q

What does Budgerigar fledgling polyomavirus cause

A

Effects fledgling birds causing Lethargy - Crop stasis = death in 24-48 hours

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52
Q

What are the general characteristics of Parvoviruses

A

Not enveloped - Replication intranuclear (Autonomous virus) - Target Enterocytes (Rapidly dividing cells) - Host Arthropods/Mammals - Highly infectious

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53
Q

What are Autonomous viruses

A

Viruses dependant on S-phase (Replication) as they only occur in dividing cells

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54
Q

What are the general characteristics of Circoviruses

A

Not Enveloped - Replication intranuclear - Target epithelia/bone marrow derived cells - Host Birds/Mammals

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55
Q

What are associated diseases of Parvoviruses

A

Feline panleukepenia virus (FePLV) Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2)

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56
Q

What is the origin of Canine parvovirus type 2

A

FePLV -> Mutation -> Mink/racoon/fox-parvovirus -> Mutation of species -> Canine parvovirus type 2 -> Mutation -> CPV2 a, b, c (These can infect cats)

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57
Q

What are clinical signs of CPV2

A

Neonatal pups = general disease syndrome Nursing pups = Myocarditis (Cardiomyopathy if they survive) Weaned pups = Protacted vomiting - anorexia - Lethargy - Diarrhoea - Dehydration - Blood stained feaces - Haemorrhagic Dogs = similar to weaned pups

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58
Q

What is Myocarditis

A

Inflammation of heart muscles

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59
Q

What is Cardiomyopathy

A

Damaged heart muscle = harder to pump blood

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60
Q

What can occur if a pregnant sow is infected with Porcine parvovirus

A

SMEDI - Can be prevented with vaccines

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61
Q

What is SMEDI

A

Still birth - Mummification - Embryonic - Death - Infertility

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62
Q

What are the general features of Chicken anaemia virus (CAV)

A

Replicates in Hemocyblasts within the bone marrow, Thymus, and Spleen - Transmitted via feacel matter/maternally antibodies - Clinical signs = 12-17 days after hatching/infection - Anorectic/Lethargic/Depressed/Pale Haemoatology = Anaemia/Leukopenia/Pancytopenia

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63
Q

What are the general features of Beak - Feather disease virus (PBFDV)

A

Clinical signs = Feathering abnormalities/Immune suppression - Transmission via Aerosols/Direct-Indirect contact - Histopathology = Inflammatory cells in feather pulp/Bursa (Basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies)

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64
Q

Why is it difficult to eradicate Parvoviruses

A
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65
Q

What are the general characteristics of Herpesviruses

A
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66
Q

What is the life cycle/envelope acquisition of Herpesviruses

A
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67
Q

What are the classification and subfamily properties of Herpesviruses

A
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68
Q

What does Cercopithecine herpesirvus B (Monkey herpes) / Herpesvirus simplex virus 1 (HSV1) cause

A
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69
Q

What does Human Herpesvirus 3 (Viricella and Zoster) cause

A
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70
Q

What does Gallid Herpesvirus 1 cause in chickens/pheasants

A
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71
Q

What does Gallid Herpesvirus 2 cause/what cells it infects

A
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72
Q

What does Canid Herpesvirus 1 cause

A
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73
Q

What does Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) and (BHV2) cause

A
74
Q

What does Equine Heerpesvirus 1 Cause

A
75
Q

What does the Exotic Suid Herpesvirus 1 (SHV1) cause

A
76
Q

What does Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) cause, and what two viruses can cause MCF

A
77
Q

What is the transmission/Survival/Persistent infection/Episomal Heresvirus genomes of Herpesviruses

A
78
Q

Discribe the simple steps of latency

A
79
Q

What are the general characteristics of Retroviruses

A
80
Q

Discribe the life cycle of Retroviruses

A
81
Q

What are the Alpha - Beta - and Gamma taxonomy of Retroviruses

A
82
Q

What are the Delta and Lenti taxonomy of Retroviruses

A
83
Q

What are/function of Endogenous Retrovirvuses (Junk DNA) and what does HERV stand for

A
84
Q

What makes Lentiviruses different from other Retroviruses

A
85
Q

What mechanisms of Retroviruses induce neoplasia

A
86
Q

How do screening tests for Retrovirus infections work/happen

A
87
Q

Compare and contrast FeLV and FIV

A
88
Q

What are the 8 main Retrovirsues of livestock

A

Jaasiekte virus - Feline leukaemia virus - Feline immunodeficiency virus - Reticuloendotheliosis virus - Koala retrovirus - Bovine leukaemia virus - Caprine arthritis - Equine infectious anaemia

89
Q

What does the retrovirus - Jaasiekte virus cause

A
90
Q

What does the retrovirus - Reticuloendotheliosis virus cause

A
91
Q

What does the retrovirus - Feline Immunodeficieny virus cause

A
92
Q

What are the general characteristics of Picornaviruses

A
93
Q

Why can Enteroviruses (Picornaviruses) cause neurological disease

A
94
Q

Discribe swine vesicular disease and its importance

(Picornavirus)

A
95
Q

How does Swine vesicular disease virus (SVD) differ to FMD

A
96
Q

Explain the importance of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMD)

A
97
Q

Explain the Transmission of FMD

A
98
Q

Explain the Persistence of FMD

A
99
Q

In level of serverity what species are effected by FMD

A

1) Calves,Lambs,Piglets (Myocardial infection)
2) Cattle (Vesicles in oral area/coronary bands and interdigital cleft on feet)
3) Pigs (Similar to cattle, but larger replication of virus)
4) Sheep/goats (very few vesicles on mouth/coronary band)

100
Q

Discribe the epidemiology of Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)

A
101
Q

What is the cause of epidemic tremor in chickens

A
102
Q

What is the family, genus, and subtypes of influenzavirus

A
103
Q

What are the 5 step naming process of influenzavirus

A
104
Q

What are the general characteristics of Influenza

A
105
Q

What is the function of Haemagglutinin in influenza

A
106
Q

What is the function of Neuraminidase in Influenza

A
107
Q

What are the mutation mechanisms of Antigenic shift

A
108
Q

What are the mutation mechanisms of Antigenic drift

A
109
Q

Discribe the first steps in LPAI mutation of Avian Influenza

A
110
Q

What are the two biotypes of Avian Influenzavirus

A
111
Q

What is the pathology of HPAI in chickens

A
112
Q

What are the general characteristics of Paramyxoviruses

A
113
Q

How does the F (fusion protein) work in Paramyxoviruses

A
114
Q

What are the two Paramyxoviruses of canine

A
115
Q

What does the Paramyxoviruses Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) cause/strains

A
116
Q

What two Paramyxoviruses start in Flying foxes and can transfur into humans

A
117
Q

What Pneumovirus causes Acute viral pneumonia/Bovine repiratory disease complex

A

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

118
Q

What are the general characteristics of Rhabdoviruses

A
119
Q

What Rhabdovirus is endemic to Australia

A

Australian bat lyssavirus (Genotype 2)

120
Q

True or false, Rabies viruses are zoonotic and endemic everywhere but Australia and Antarctica

A

True

121
Q

What is the pathogenesis of rabies in animals

A
122
Q

What are the symptoms of Rabies in humans

A
123
Q

How do you diagnosis Rabies

A
124
Q

What are the epidemiology of rabies

A
125
Q

What are some general features of Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV)

A
126
Q

What vaccines are availible for Rabies

A
127
Q

What is the treatment for a rabies case Pre/Post exposure

A
128
Q

What are the general characteristics/species of Arterivirdae

A
129
Q

What does Equine arteritis virus cause/Transmission

A
130
Q

What are the clinical signs/transmission/causes of Porcine reproductive and respiratory disease virus (PRRSV 1-2)

A
131
Q

What are the general characteristics of Coronaviridae

A
132
Q

What are the clinical signs of Transmissible Gastroenteritis virus (TGE)

A
133
Q

What are the clinical signs of Porcine epidemic diarrhoae virus (PEDV)

A
134
Q

What are the 2 pathotypes of Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

A
135
Q

What are the general clinical signs of FIPV along with its wet and dry forms

A
136
Q

What does Bovine Coronavirus cause

A
137
Q

What does Infectious Bronchitis virus (IV) cause

A
138
Q

What are the general characteristics of Reoviridae

A
139
Q

What are the general features of Rotavirus

A
140
Q

What is an Arboviruses

A

It is Arthropod-Borne-Viruses

141
Q

Define the transmission of Arboviruses

A
142
Q

What are the general features of African swine fever (Arbovirus)

A
143
Q

What are the clinical features/Diagnosis of Arbovirus diseases

A
144
Q

What are the ecological factors of Arboviruses

A
145
Q

Describe the general features of Ross River Virus (Arbovirus)

A
146
Q

Descirbe the Features of Rift valley fever virus (Arbovirus)

A
147
Q

What are the general features of Akabane virus (Arbovirus)

A
148
Q

What are the general features of West nile virus (Kunjin strain) (Arbovirus)

A
149
Q

What are the general charactisitcs of Bluetougne virus (Arbovirus)

A
150
Q

What are the general charactisitcs in cattle of Bluetougne virus (Arbovirus)

A
151
Q

What does Bovine ephemeral fever virus cause (Arbovirus)

A
152
Q

What sentinel animals are used for what arboviruses

A
153
Q

What are the general charactistics of Calicicviridae (Genus and effected species as well)

A
154
Q

What are the clinical signs of Rabbit Haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV1)

A
155
Q

What are the general features of Feline Calicivirus

A
156
Q

What are the general features of Birnaviridae

A
157
Q

What is Prionoses and why is it hard to “kill”

A
158
Q

What are the clinical signs of Prionoses diseases

A
159
Q

What is the prion hypothesis

A
160
Q

What are the clinical signs of Scrapie/ what is Atypical scrapie

A
161
Q

What are the general features of Bovine Spongiform encephalopathies (BSE) Mad cow disease

A
162
Q

What are the 5 factors involed in the spread of a disease

A

1) Duration of viruses survival - 2) Mode of transmission - 3) Continual supply of susceptible hosts - 4) Ability of virus to exhibit phinotypic change - 5) Ability to infect hosts in latent form/Produce persistent viral infection

163
Q

what factors with examples aid in the duration of viruses survival

A
164
Q

what factors with examples aid in the mode of transmission of a virus

A
165
Q

what factors with examples aid in the continual supply of susceptible hosts for a virus

A
166
Q

what factors with examples aid in the ability of the virus to exhibit phenotypic change

A

Typically RNA viruses undergo Antigenic drift. where as DNA viruses stay “stable”

167
Q

what factors with examples aid in the ability to infect hosts in a latent form or to produce a persistent viral infection

A
168
Q

What % do you need for herd immunity

A

95%

169
Q

What are viral quasispecies (Pretend species)

A
170
Q

What are the 2 bio types of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) (Bovine pestivirus) and what do they cause

A
171
Q

What are the foetal effects of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) (Bovine pestivirus)

A
172
Q

How can viruses intiate neoplastic transformation of cells

A
173
Q

What is the loss of contact inhibition

A
174
Q

What is p53’s job

A
175
Q

What is pRb Retinoblastoma

A
176
Q

What viruses familys can cause neoplasia (5-DNA)(2-RNA)

A
177
Q

What is the use od vaccines for Marek’s disease virus

A
178
Q

How do Hepatitis B and C effect p53

A
179
Q

What is the aim of Viral oncogene

A
180
Q

What is the difference between Chronic and Acute onocgenes

A
181
Q

What are the factors effecting Emerging viral diseases

A

VET211 (3 decks)

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