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Microbiology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

How do viruses differ from other microorganisms?

A

They cannot replicate outside of the host cell
They do not divide by binary fission
They are much smaller

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1
Q

What is a virus?

A

A piece of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

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2
Q

What are the four main types of virus structure?

A

Naked helical
Enveloped helical
Naked icosahedral
Enveloped icosahedral

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3
Q

Give an example of a naked helical virus

A

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

there are no human viruses known

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4
Q

Give an example of an enveloped helical virus

A

Measles
Mumps
Rabies

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5
Q

Give an example of an enveloped icosahedral virus

A

Herpes

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6
Q

Give an example of a naked icosahedral virus

A

Polio

Papillomavirus

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7
Q

Give an example of a virus that is transmitted via the respiratory route

A

Influenza

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8
Q

Give an example of a virus that is transmitted via the faecal-oral route

A

Hepatitis A

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9
Q

Give an example of a virus that is transmitted via direct contact

A

Adenovirus

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10
Q

Give an example of a virus that is transmitted via animal vector

A

Rabies

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11
Q

Give an example of a virus that is transmitted sexually

A

HIV

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12
Q

What are the routes of viral transmission?

A 
Through the air
By direct contact
By animal vector
Through contaminated food/water
Through body fluids
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13
Q

Give an example of a virus that causes acute infection followed by complete recovery

A

Rotavirus

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14
Q

Give an example of a virus that causes acute infection followed by permanent damage

A

Poliovirus

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15
Q

Give an example of a virus that causes acute infection followed by persistence in the patient

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1

16
Q

Give an example of a virus that causes congenital infection

A

Rubella

17
Q

Give an example of a virus that causes cancer

A

Epstein Barr virus

HPV

18
Q

Give an example of a virus that causes an emerging infection

A

HIV

19
Q

Give an example of a virus that has been completely eradicated

A

Smallpox

20
Q

Why was the discovery of tobacco mosaic virus important?

A

Because it was the first virus to be discovered, and it was key to the demonstration that viruses could pass through filters that retained bacteria.

Also economically important because of loss of tobacco crop

21
Q

Why were Walter Reed’s yellow fever experiments important?

A

It was the first human virus to be identified

It was believed to be caused by poor sanitation, but Reed proved it was transmitted by Mosquitos

It was the first example of written informed consent

The results allowed simple control measures, which allowed work to continue on the Panama Canal

22
Q

Name the 8 human herpes viruses and the primary infection caused by each one

A

Herpes Simplex Type 1 -gingivistomatitis
Herpes Simplex Type 2 -genital herpes
Cytomegalovirus -mononucleosis like illness
Varicella-Zoster virus -chickenpox
Epstein Barr virus -Infectious mononucleosis
Human Herpes Virus Type 6 -fever and rash
Human Herpes virus Type 7 -fever and rash
Human Herpes virus Type 8 -Kaposi’s sarcoma

23
Q

What disease does HSV1 cause when it is reactivated?

A

Cold sores

24
Q

What disease does HSV2 cause when it is reactivated?

A

Genital herpes

25
Q

What disease does VZV cause when it is reactivated?

A

Shingles

26
Q

What disease does EBV cause when it is reactivated?

A 
Cancers: 
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Burkitt's lymphoma 
Post transplant lymphoproliferatove disorder
27
Q

What disease can be caused by complications with HSV2?

A

Herpes Simplex Encephalitis

28
Q

What are the complications associated with chickenpox in immunocompromised patients?

A 
Pneumonia
Hepatitis
Pancreatitis
Encephalitis
Secondary skin infections
29
Q

What are the complications associated with cytomegalovirus in immunocompromised patients?

A

Hepatitis
Colitis
Retinitis

30
Q

What are the 5 major paramyxoviruses that infect humans?

A 
Parainfluenza
Measles
Mumps
Respiratory syncytial virus
Human metapneumovirus
31
Q

What are the symptoms of Mumps?

A

Swelling of the sides of the face (infection of the salivary glands)

32
Q

What are the complications of mumps?

A

Orchitis (infection of the testicles) if contracted post-puberty

Meningitis

Encephalitis

Foetal wastage if contracted during first trimester

33
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

Fever
Cough
Conjunctivitis
Red maculopapular rash

34
Q

What are the complications of measles?

A

Bronchopneumonia
Otitis media (glue ear)
Encephalomyelitis
Sub-sclerosing pan encephalitis (very rare but fatal)

35
Q

Which patient groups are at the highest risk of complications associated with influenza viruses?

A

Elderly and very young

36
Q

Which organs are affected by a congenital rubella infection?

A

Eyes
Ears
Heart

37
Q

How does HIV cause disease?

A

By infecting and depleting CD4 and T helper lymphocytes
Leads to the destruction of the immune system
Allows opportunistic infections to develop (ie. Thrush)

38
Q

Give some of the opportunistic infections found with AIDS

A

Severe thrush (oral candidiasis)
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Disseminated cytomegalovirus

Microbiology (6 decks)

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