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Immunology 9.14 > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

eg. of Helical virus type (3)

A

RNA only
Measles
Rabies
Tobacco mosaic

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2
Q

eg of Icosahedral virus type (3)

A

DNA or RNA
Herpes simplex
Poliovirus
Poxvirus

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3
Q

eg of Complex virus type (3)

A

Mostly RNA
Bacteriophage
Influenza
Smallpox (DNA)

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4
Q

5 stages of viral lifecycle in body

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry & Uncoating
  3. Transcription / Genome replication
  4. Assembly (maturation)
  5. Release
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5
Q

Structure of virus -

A

Genome (DNA or RNA) inside protein capsid box made of capsomeres.
=NUCLEOCAPSID

If just like this = NAKED
If has lipid bilayer with protein spikes = ENVELOPED

Whole thing together = VIRION

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6
Q

Method of attachment to cell

A

Protein spikes attach to specific cell membrane receptors - some viruses only go into 1 type of cell, others have multiple receptors possible.

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7
Q

3 Methods of Entry to cell & how they work:

A
  1. Translocation (poorly understood - goes straight through membrane)
  2. Fusion (pH INDEPENDANT) (only enveloped viruses) - cell membrane fuses with viral envelope - nucleocapsid enters cell.
  3. Receptor Mediated Endocytosis (pH DEPENDANT). Most common method.
    Virus internalized in vacuole, inside vacuole incr. acid by pumping H+ ions in, when pH acid enough - vacuole lyses & release virus)
    Naked & enveloped types.
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8
Q

Where does genome replication usually occur for RNA and DNA viruses?

A

RNA - cytoplasm

DNA - nucleus

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9
Q

Transcription (Protein creation)

What do DNA viruses use to create mRNA to create proteins

A

Host DNA dependant RNA polymerase

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10
Q

What do most RNA viruses use to create mRNA – proteins

A

Their own RNA dependant RNA polymerase creates the mRNA
or
their RNA goes straight to ribosomes as mRNA –> builds RNA polymerase, then use this to create mRNA

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11
Q

What do +mRNA viruses use to create proteins

A

go straight to ribosomes and create from mRNA

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12
Q

How do retroviruses enable transcription and translation

A

they carry viral DNA polymerase - create DNA with this, then use host to creat ds DNA then splice into host DNA for replication & transcription

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13
Q

How do DNA viruses replicate their genome

A

Using host DNA polymerase

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14
Q

How do naked viruses exit the cell

A

Lysis when cell dies

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15
Q

How do enveloped viruses exit the cell

A

Exocytosis - spikes embed into cell membrane, nucleocapsid is enveloped and virus “buds” off from cell.

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16
Q

What does “maturation” refer to

A

When a virus becomes infectious

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17
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Rotavirus

A

DS RNA, Reoviridae, gastroenteritis in kids

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18
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Influenza

A

Orthomyxovirus, -SS RNA, Flu

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19
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Parainfluenza

A

Paramyxovirus, -SS RNA, Resp infection - croup in kids

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20
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

RSV (Respiratory Syncytial virus)

A

Paramyxovirus, -SS RNA, Respiratory - bronchioitis in kids

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21
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Measles

A

Paramyxovirus, -SS RNA, Measles - Koplik spots (tongue?) rash

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22
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Mumps

A

Paramyxovirus, -SS RNA, Mumps

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23
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Rabies

A

Rhabdovirus, -SS RNA, Rabies

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24
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Norovirus

A

Caliciviridae, +SS RNA,

Gastro in enclosed communities, eg cruise ships, prisons

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25
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Poliovirus

A

Picornaviridae, +SSRNA,

Polio

26
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Rhinovirus

A

Picornaviridae - +SSRNA,

Common Cold

27
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Coxsachie = enterovirus

A

Picornaviridae, +SSRNA

Gastro & hand, foot & mouth in kids

28
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Astrovirus

A

Astroviridae, +SS RNA

Gastro - adults & kids

29
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Rubella

A

Togaviridae +SS RNA

Rubella - teratogenic

30
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Coronavirus

A

Coronaviridae
Resp (common cold) & gastro
SARS

31
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Herpes simplex 1&2

A

Herpesviridae, DS DNA

Mouth / genital ulcers

32
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Varicella zoster

A

Herpesviridae, DS DNA

Chickenpox and shingles

33
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Cytomegalovirus

A

Herpesviridae, DS DNA

CMV = infection of immunocompromised

34
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Epstein barr

A

Herpesviridae, DS DNA

Glandular fever - infects B cells

35
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Human herpes 6&7

A

HerpeviridaeDS DNA

Roseola infantum - high fever, then drops, as rash appears & pink spots. not serious common in young kids.

36
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Molluscum contagiosum

A

Poxviridae DS DNA

Molluscum contagiosum - red papule spots, non painful, bit itchy, contagious, resolveds in 12 months.

37
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Adenovirus

A

Adenoviridae DS DNA

Upper RT infect & gastro

38
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Papilloma virus

A

Papillomaviridae DS DNA

Warts

39
Q

Family, Genome type, Disease:

Parvovirus B19

A 
Parvoviridae
Erythema infectiosum (slapped cheek syndrome)
40
Q

Two types of poxviridae - one now eradicated and one used as the vaccine for it.

A

Variola - smallpox

Vaccinia - vaccine (related to cowpox)

41
Q

Aciclovir (also valaciclovir & famciclovir) is effective against which viruses (2)

A

Herpes

Varicella zoster

42
Q

Side effects of aciclovir (2)

A

GI / Neurotoxicity

43
Q

Ganciclovir - good for which virus?

A

Cytomegalovirus (immunosuppressed)

44
Q

SE of Ganciclovir (4 blood related)

A

Neutropaenia
Thrombocytopaenia
Leucopaenia
Pancytopaenia

45
Q

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) - used for what virus?

A

Influenza

46
Q

SE of oseltamivir (3)

A

Headache, nausea, cough

47
Q

What does haemagglutinin glycopeptide on influenza membrane do

A

Binds to sialic acid receptor on cell membrane (eg resp tract cell or rbc)

48
Q

What does neuroaminidase on flu virus do?

A

Responsible for “budding” virus from cell membrane when leaving human cell.

49
Q

How does aciclovir work

A

Binds to DNA of herpes and VZ virus - interrupts DNA replication

50
Q

How does oseltamivir work

A

Combines with neuroaminidase - stops virus from budding from cell

51
Q

What do immunoglobulins attach to on viruses to prevent virus binding to cell & entering

A

haemagglutinin

52
Q

What phase of viral lifecycle does ganciclovir work at

A

Replication

53
Q

Where does measles enter the body

A

Resp tract

54
Q

Where does measles multiply before spreading through the blood

A

Lymph nodes

55
Q

What receptor, common to many cells, does measles bind to allowing it to act systemically

A

CD46

56
Q

How does rabies enter body

A

Via skin - bite

57
Q

How does rabies spread throughout the body

A

Via PNS then CNS / ANS - nerves basically

58
Q

What 4 cellular responses are there to viral infection

A
  1. Cell death
  2. Transformation (retroviruses incorp into DNA)
  3. Cell fusion
  4. Cytopathic (inclusion bodies within cell)
59
Q

What 3 criteria must ALL be met for the TREATMENT (eg Tamiflu) of influenza in most people?

A
  1. Flu must be circulating (over 100 suspected cases/ 100 000)
  2. They are at risk (old, immunocompromised)
  3. It is within 48 hrs of onset of symptoms
60
Q

What 4 criteria must ALL be met for PROPHYLAXIS of flu

A
  1. Must be flu circulating
  2. Must be at risk (old immunocompr)
  3. Must be in contact with person with flu symptoms
  4. Not effectively vaccinated
61
Q

What 4 groups are eligible for flu vaccination

A
  1. Over 65s
  2. Risk groups (immunocompr)
  3. Pregnant women
  4. 2-18 yo

Immunology 9.14 (4 decks)

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