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microbiology > viruses > Flashcards

viruses Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between positive stranded RNA viruses and negative stranded RNA viruses?

A

Positive stranded RNA - RNA can be used directly as mRNA and immediately translated into proteins
Negative stranded RNA - mRNA must be transcribed via a virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase first, before it can be used for translation

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2
Q

what is the only family of double stranded RNA viruses?

A

reoviridae

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3
Q

helical capsids are associated with what type of viruses?

A

RNA viruses

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4
Q

What are the DNA viruses and what are their general characteristics?

A

HHAPPPPy viruses - herpes, hepadna, adeno, papilloma, parvo, pox, polyoma. Most DNA viruses are double stranded, icosahedral capsids and replicate in the nucleus

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5
Q

which two DNA viruses break the rules?

A

parvoviridae has a single strand genome. Poxviridae does not have icosahedral capsid and replicates in the cytoplasm

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6
Q

enveloped DNA viruses

A

Herpes, hepadna, pox

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7
Q

naked (nonenveloped) DNA viruses

A

papilloma, adeno, parvo, polyoma

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8
Q

what are the general characteristics of RNA viruses?

A

single stranded, enveloped, helical capsid, replicate in the cytoplasm

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9
Q

which RNA viruses are naked (non enveloped)?

A

picorna, calici, reoviridae

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10
Q

which RNA viruses have icosahedral symmetry?

A

picorna, calici, reo, toga and flavi

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11
Q

which RNA viruses replicate in the nucleus?

A

retro and orthomyxo

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12
Q

What are the positive stranded RNA viruses?

A

The Calcified old emperor Pico is wearing his crown and toga while eating flavorful grapes from a retro bowl - calici, pico, corona, toga, flavi and retroviridae

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13
Q

what are the negative stranded RNA viruses

A

Old Pete’s Rabid dog Filo fights Paul Bunyon in the arena - orthomyxo, paramyxo, rhabdo, filo, bunya, arenaviridae

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14
Q

Which two viruses cause the common cold?

A

Coronaviridae and rhinovirus

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15
Q

What virus causes SARS? What are the clinical manifestations of SARS?

A

A coronavirus. Fever, chills, myalgias, dry cough, pleurisy, dyspnea but no rhinorrhea or sore throat. Can progress to ARDS

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16
Q

Which four viruses cause diarrhea?

A

Caliciviruses (Norwalk and noroviruses), rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus

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17
Q

what are the five viruses in the paramyxoviridae family?

A

parainfluenza, metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, measles (rubeola), mumps

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18
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of mumps virus?

A

URIs, parotitis, orchitis (swelling of the testicles), meningitis and encephalitis

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19
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of the measles virus?

A

prodrome (high fever, conjunctivitis, photophobia, hacking cough, rhinitis and malaise), Koplick’s spots, maculopapular rash that spreads from the head downwards

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20
Q

what is the clinical manifestation of respiratory syncytial virus?

A

pneumonia. Most common cause of pneumonia in young kids.

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21
Q

what is the most common viral cause of croup?

A

parainfluenza virus

22
Q

what are the clinical characteristics of croup?

A

stridor, barking cough, hoarseness

23
Q

what are the six most common viral causes of respiratory illnesses in children?

A

parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus and adenovirus

24
Q

what two types of illnesses can adenovirus cause

A

respiratory infections and diarrheal illnesses

25
Q

what are the characteristics of the paramyxoviridae family?

A

negative sense, single stranded RNA viruses. Helical symmetry. Replicates in cytoplasm. Unsegmented genome. HA and NA activity. Fusion protein.

26
Q

what are the characteristics of the orthomyxoviridae family?

A

negative sense, single stranded RNA virus. Helical symmetry. Replicates in the nucleus. Segmented genome. HA and NA activity

27
Q

what are the common viral causes of aseptic meningitis?

A

enteroviruses (coxsackieviruses, echovirus, numbered enteroviruses), mumps, herpesvirus, tick-born and West Nile viruse

28
Q

what are the four families of viruses that cause diarrhea?

A

calciviruses (Norwalk virus, norovirus), rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus

29
Q

what are the TORCHES organisms and what do they do?

A

These organisms can cross the blood-placenta barrier and cause disease in the fetus. TO = toxoplasmosis, R = rubella, C = CMV, HE = herpes and HIV, S = syphilis

30
Q

what is the most common cause of viral meningitis in the US?

A

enteroviruses

31
Q

what cell type does Epstein-Barr virus infect? What disease does it cause? what will blood work up show?

A

EBV infects B cells and causes EBV-mononucleosis. Blood smear shows an atypical lymphocytosis. The mono spot test tests for heterophile antibodies

32
Q

which one of the hepatitis viruses is a DNA virus? What are the characteristics of its DNA? what family does it belong to?

A

hepatitis B virus (hepadnaviridae). It has circular double stranded DNA. It can insert into the host hepatocyte genome and turn on oncogenes, increasing an infected patients risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

33
Q

what is the treatment for hepB infection?

A

interferon-alpha, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, prevention: vaccine with HBsAg

34
Q

What do HBeAg and anti-HBeAg indicate about a patient’s infection?

A

HBeAg indicates high infectivity and active disease

Anti-HBeAg indicates low infectivity and non-active disease

35
Q

what antigens and antibodies would you see in an acute hepB infection?

A

positive: HBeAg, IgM-HBcAg, HBsAg
negative: anti-HBeAg, IgG-HBcAg, anti-HBsAg

36
Q

what antigens and antibodies would you see in a chronic hepB infection?

A

positive: HBsAg, IgG-HBcAg
negative: anti-HBsAg, IgM-HBcAg
+/- HBeAg

37
Q

what antigens and antibodies would you see in a person immunized to hepB?

A

positive: anti-HBsAg
negative: everything else

38
Q

To what family does the hepatitis A virus belong? What are the characteristics of that family?

A

picornaviridae -> hepatovirus. positive sense, single stranded RNA, icosahedral capsid, non-enveloped

39
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of hepatitis A virus?

A

acute hepatitis that never becomes chronic

40
Q

To what family does hepatitis C virus belong? What are its morphologic characteristics?

A

flavivirus. Positive sense, single stranded RNA virus, enveloped, icosahedral capsid

41
Q

what is the treatment for hepC infection?

A

all HCV - pegylated IFN-alpha + ribavirin

HCV1 - pegylated IFN-alpha + ribavirin + NS3/4A protease inhibitor (simeprevir, telaprevir, boceprivir)

42
Q

which virus needs coinfection with hepB to be infectious?

A

hepatitis D virus

43
Q

what population does Norovirus most commonly infect?

A

older children and adults, cruise ships, high schools, ect

44
Q

To what family does rotavirus belong? What are the characteristics of that family?

A

Reoviridae. Double stranded RNA virus, non-eveloped.

45
Q

What population does Rotavirus most commonly infect?

A

young children and infants (almost everyone is infected by age 5)

46
Q

which virus has an enterotoxin? What does it do?

A

Rotavirus has an enterotoxin, NSP4, that stimulates enterocytes to pump more ions into the intestinal lumen (secretory diarrhea)

47
Q

What vaccines are available to prevent rotavirus?

A

RotaTeq - mostly an animal strain, but with a few human RNA segments substituted in
RotaRix - an attenuated version of the most common human strain

48
Q

What is Reye’s syndrome?

A

potentially fatal damage to many organs associated with aspirin consumption in children with viral illnesses.

49
Q

What are the three arbovirus families? What disease do they cause?

A

Flaviviridae, togaviridae, bunyaviridae
Flavivirus - dengue fever, yellow fever, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis,
alphavirus (togaviridae) - eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis
bunyaviridae - hantavirus, La Crosse encephalitis

50
Q

What are the killed/subunit vaccines?

A

Hip, Hip, Hooray! Polio Is Removed (from the face of the earth)
Hep A
Hep B
HPV
Polio (Salk)
Influenza (2 strain of influenza A, 1 strain of influenza B)
Rabies (given as post-exposure prophylaxis)

51
Q

What are the live attenuated vaccines?

A 
MR Sabin Sells Rotten Yellow Chickens
MMR
Polio (Sabin)
Shingles
Rotavirus (rotarix, rotateq)
Yellow fever
Chickenpox

microbiology (8 decks)

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