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Pulmonary > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 common attributes of respiratory viruses?

A
  • worldwide distribution
  • short incubation periods 1-4 days
  • direct (droplet nuclei) and indirect (hand, fomite) transmission
  • risk of bacterial superinfection because of damage to epithelial surfaces
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2
Q

Five paramyxoviruses?

A

RSV, parainfluenza, metapneumovirus, measles, mumps

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3
Q

Paramyxo structure?

A
  • enveloped

- ssRNA, negative, NON-segmented

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4
Q

Difference between RSV and influenza?

A
  • stable antigenically (non-segmented ssRNA -)

- CANNOT survive long outside host

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5
Q

What two glycoproteins are involved in RSV pathogenesis?

A
  • G = attachment to respiratory cell surfaces
  • F = fusion of viral envelope with host cell (causes cells to fuse = syncytium formation)
  • NO H&N
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6
Q

When do RSV outbreaks occur? Spread?

A
  • late fall to early spring

- droplet nuclei and direct contact

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7
Q

Location, incubation and shedding of RSV?

A
  • upper and lower respiratory tracts
  • 2-4 days
  • 1-2 weeks (longer in infants)
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8
Q

What is the most common viral cause of otitis media?

A

RSV

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9
Q

Who gets RSV?

A
  • young children
  • older adults with chronic lung/heart disease
  • immunity WANES (humoral and CMI)
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10
Q

How does RSV commonly present?

A
  • cold-like symptoms
  • bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants <1 year
  • may trigger asthma
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11
Q

What virus is associated with the development of asthma?

A

RSV

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12
Q

How is RSV commonly treated? Special cases?

A
  • supportive care

- RSV-IVIG: humanized murine monoclonal AB used in young, immunocompromised children

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13
Q

What are the top two most common causes of lower RT disease in young children?

A
  • RSV

- parainfluenza virus (PIV)

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)? What is unique about this serotype?

A
  • PIV serotype 1 - largest outbreaks; most common; biennial ODD years
  • 4 serotypes total
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15
Q

What virus is very similar to RSV?

A

PIV

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16
Q

What happens to immunity to RSV and PIV?

A
  • wanes quickly (neither completely protective nor durable)

- re-infection is common - usually MILDER

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17
Q

When are infections with metapneumovirus most severe?

A
  • typically mild illness

- co-infection with RSV (bronchiolitis, pneumonia) and lung/hematopoietic transplants

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18
Q

When and how do metapneumovirus infections occur?

A
  • winter/spring pattern

- close contact spread

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19
Q

Which viruses are naked, icosahedral, dsDNA with NO seasonality?

A
  • adenoviruses
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20
Q

What is unique about adenovirus structure?

A
  • fiber proteins stick out and effect binding to mucosal cell
  • penton base facilitates internalization
21
Q

Transmission and survival of adenoviruses?

A
  • droplet nuclei, FECAL-ORAL

- hardy and survive prolonged periods in environment (swimming pools, eye meds)

22
Q

How does adenovirus affect epithelial cells?

A
  • necrosis and sloughing
  • inflammatory response may be significant
  • sloughing associated with secondary bacterial pneumonia
  • viremia may occur
23
Q

Which virus may exist as a latent infection for years?

A

adenovirus - not a lot of reactivation

24
Q

What percent of adenovirus infections are asymptomatic?

A

50%

25
Q

How does adenovirus present in infants?

A
  • pharyngitis
  • coryza
  • otitis media
  • pneumonia
  • diarrhea
26
Q

How does adenovirus present in children?

A
  • URI, pneumonia
  • pharyngoconjunctival fever
  • diarrhea, mesenteric adenitis, hemorrhagic cystitis
27
Q

How does adenovirus present in adults?

A
  • URI, pneumonia

- epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

28
Q

Which virus can present as epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in adults and pharyngoconjunctival fever in children?

A

adenovirus

29
Q

What is the best way to diagnose adenovirus and why?

A
  • culture of lower respiratory tract

- latent infections may complicate diagnosis (PCR, serology, direct antigen assay)

30
Q

What virus has a vaccine available for military recruits only?

A
  • adenovirus
31
Q

What is the most common cause of the common cold?

A

Coronovirus

32
Q

Structure of coronavirus?

A
  • ssRNA, positive

- envelope from infected cells

33
Q

Unique structural aspect of coronaviruses?

A
  • spike proteins: mediate receptor binding and fusion; primary antigen stimulating protective humoral/CMI
34
Q

When and how do coronavirus infections occur?

A
  • fall/winter

- respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected secretions

35
Q

How is coronavirus diagnosed and treated?

A
  • clinically

- NO treatment – WASH HANDS

36
Q

What are the top two causes of the common cold?

A
  • coronavirus

- rhinovirus

37
Q

Rhinovirus structure?

A
  • very SMALL
  • naked
  • ssRNA, +
38
Q

What family does rhinovirus belong to?

A

picornavirus (Hep A, enterovirus)

39
Q

When and how do rhinovirus infections occur?

A
  • spring, summer, early fall

- secretions and aerosolized particles

40
Q

Where does rhinovirus like to be on the human body?

A
  • nasal mucosa - prefers cooler temperatures (33 degrees)
41
Q

Diagnosis and treatment of rhinovirus infections?

A
  • clinical

- none; wash hands + symptomatic relief

42
Q

Structure of bocavirus? Family?

A
  • naked icosahedral capsid
  • ssDNA
  • parvovirus
43
Q

What does bocavirus do in the body?

A

URT and LRT infections and gastroenteritis

44
Q

Two common reoviridae?

A
  • reovirus = respiratory

- rotavirus = GI

45
Q

Reovirus structure?

A
  • naked

- segmented dsDNA

46
Q

Manifestation of reovirus?

A

mild URTI

47
Q

How does anti-viral amantidine work?

A
  • blocks uncoating process, exact MOA unknown (may inhibit M2 ion channel)
  • better for prophylaxis
48
Q

What two drugs inhibit neuraminidases? Why are neuraminidases important?

A
  • oseltamivir, zanamivir

- disaggregate viruses so that they can be released

Pulmonary (7 decks)

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