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Genes And Genomics > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is a virus
What are the differences between life and virus’s

A
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2
Q

What is a virion particle
What is a viral genome *

A

A virion is the complete, infectious form of a virus outside a host cell. It serves as the vehicle for delivering the viral genome to new host cells

Viral Genome:
The genetic material (DNA or RNA) that carries the virus’s genetic instructions for replication

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3
Q

What is the virion factory *

A

is a specialized region within an infected host cell where viral replication and assembly are concentrated

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4
Q

What different genome characteristics can viruses have

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5
Q

What are the differences between DNA and RNA virus genomes

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6
Q

What is a characteristic of viruses with small genomes

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7
Q

Are rna viruses Double or single-stranded

Are dna viruses Double or single-stranded

A
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8
Q

Give an example of a virus with a circular genome and why doesn’t it cause tumours in humans but does in humans

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9
Q

What is meant by negative and positive sense viruses

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10
Q

What is meant by segmented and non segmented viral genomes *

A

A segmented genome consists of multiple separate pieces of genetic material, each encoding different parts of the virus’s genetic information

A non-segmented genome is a single continuous strand of genetic material (DNA or RNA).

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11
Q

Give an example of a virus with a segmented genome

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12
Q

How does influenza evolve
What is meant by assortment *

A

The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks proofreading ability, leading to frequent errors during replication - mutations

Influenza A viruses have a segmented genome (8 RNA segments).
If two different strains co-infect a cell, their gene segments can mix during viral assembly - reassortment

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13
Q

How are viruses visualised

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14
Q

What is the structure of a simple virus

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15
Q

What shaped virus capsids can you have

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16
Q

What are the characteristic of enveloped viruses

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17
Q

Give two examples of enveloped viruses

A

Bunyviridae
Filoviridae

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18
Q

What does it mean when a virus is host specific

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19
Q

What different scenarios can occur for viruses that can have more than one host (arent host specific)

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20
Q

What is meant by zoonotic viruses

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21
Q

How can you predict future zoonotic infections

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22
Q

How are viruses named /labelled
what is meant by a virus reservoir*

A

A virus reservoir is any population, organism, or environment where a virus naturally exists, replicates, and persists over time

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23
Q

What is the characteristic of most non human viruses

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24
Q

What viruses are thought to be alive

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of the mimivirus

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26
Q

Give an overview of the general virus life cycle

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27
Q

What are the stages of viral replication and when can virion particles be observed

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28
Q

What is the first step of virus life cycles

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29
Q

Give some examples of viruses and the receptor on the cell they bind to

A

Rabies - acetylcholine receptor - neurons
Simbis- laminin receptor - skeletal muscle cells

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30
Q

Give an example of a retrovirus
What is meant by cellular tropism for virus’s*

A

Cellular tropism refers to the preference or specificity of a virus for infecting particular cell types. This specificity is determined by the interaction between the virus and the host cell, influenced by the presence of suitable receptors and other factors required for viral entry, replication, and assembly.

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31
Q

What different mechanisms can viruses use to infect a host cell

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32
Q

How does HIV infect cells

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33
Q

How does influenza infect a cell

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34
Q

How does polio infect a cell

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35
Q

How do DNA viruses infect a cell

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36
Q

What are the general points of the replication of viral genomes

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37
Q

How do single stranded +sense RNA viruses replicate in the host cell

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38
Q

How do single stranded -sense RNA viruses replicate in the host cell

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39
Q

How do double stranded DNA viruses replicate in the host cell

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40
Q

How do retroviruses replicate in the host cell

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41
Q

What are the general characteristics of viral transcription

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42
Q

How is the virus capsid assembled

A
43
Q

How are viruses with envelopes assembled *
(How do enveloped viruses exit the host cell )

A
44
Q

How do non enveloped viruses exit the cell

A
45
Q

Why does maturation of enveloped viruses occur after the virus exits the host cell

A
46
Q

What is meant by a host cell being permissive and non permissive and what can it lead to
What is meant by persistent infections

A
47
Q

What are the effects of the different types of infection on their host cells

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48
Q

What is meant by morphological effects

A
49
Q

What are syncytia and how do they form

A
50
Q

What are the possible biochemical and physiological effects of viral infection on host cells

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51
Q

What are the possible genetic affects of viral infection on the host cell

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52
Q

What is meant be an induced and innate defence of a host cell against viral infection

A
53
Q

Give an example of an induced defence that a cell undergoes against viral infection

A
54
Q

What different cell defence mechanisms could interferon induce against viruses

A
55
Q

What is TIP + role + exception

A
56
Q

What is Tetherin and what does it do

A
57
Q

Give an example of an innate defence

A
58
Q

Give an example of a transforming retrovirus

A

RSV is a transforming retrovirus as it has captured an oncogene from its previous host , it encodes a tyrosine kinase
• viruses related to RSV (termed ALVs) do not contain oncogenes

59
Q

What is the difference between RSV and ALV

A
60
Q

Give an example of a DNA virus that can abuse cellular transformation

A
61
Q

How does HPV usually work to replicate

A
62
Q

How can HPV cause tumour formation

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63
Q

What happens when a DNA viruses full genome is integrated vs partially integrated into the host cells genome

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64
Q

What is the morphology of coronaviruses

A
65
Q

How does coronaviruses genomes compare to other RNA viruses
What order is coronaviruses part of

A
66
Q

How are coronaviruses genomes organised

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67
Q

What is the life cycle of coronaviruses

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68
Q

What is SARS-COV2

A
69
Q

What is MERS
Where may SARS-COV2 have originated from

A
70
Q

What are the characteristics of SARS

A
71
Q

What is meant by the reproductive number of viruses and how does it change

A
72
Q

Why don’t all emergent viral diseases become pandemic
*

A

Low Human-to-Human Transmission

Mode of Transmission: Viruses transmitted through direct contact or vectors (like mosquitoes) are less likely to cause pandemics than those spread through respiratory droplets.

Restricted Host Range

Viruses emerging in remote areas may burn out before they can spread widely due to limited contact with large populations.

Some viruses thrive only in specific environmental conditions

73
Q

When is R0 high , and when is it low

A
74
Q

What is the future of SARS-COV2

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75
Q

What are the routes of entry for viruses

A
76
Q

What is meant by primary and secondary viremia
What id meant by dissemination

A
77
Q

What is meant by localised spread of a virus in the body

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78
Q

Give examples of viruses that disseminate via blood

A
79
Q

Explain rabies dissemination

A
80
Q

Explain what is meant by latency and how it occurs

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81
Q

What are the different viral mechanisms of latency

A
82
Q

What is an episome *

A

An episome is a genetic element that can exist either as an independent DNA molecule in the cytoplasm or integrated into the host cell’s chromosome

While all episomes are plasmids, not all plasmids are episomes. The defining feature of episomes is their ability to integrate into the host genome, a property not shared by all plasmids

83
Q

Give an example of latent viruses + their targets
What are viral reservoirs

A
84
Q

What is a Quasispecies

A
85
Q

How do viruses fight against the immune response

A

Genes And Genomics (8 decks)

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