viruses Flashcards
viroids
naked RNA that are not bound to proteins
prions
proteins only (ex. mad Cow disease)
what’s in a virus
has a capsid, has nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) has a membraneous coat
lytic cycle
faster process than lysogenic cycle. Virus inserts viral DNA into host cell. Viral DNA replicates until it ruptures and dies.
lysogenic cycle
Viral DNA is inserted into host cell and the viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA. Is usually latent or dormant
characteristics of life
has nucleic acid, protein, reproduces, and evolves
characteristics of non-life
don’t grow, don’t come from pre-existing cells, do not use energy, can be crystallized, can stay in suspended animation, don’t respond to stimuli, can spread(non motile), non cellular
whats in a bacterialphage
capsid (the thing surrounding nucleic acid), enzyme (the protein at the bottom of thr bacterialphage), nucleic acid (has DNA), tail (has 6 tail fibers)
virus
a noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade cells and replicate
latent
hidden. (ex. lysogenic cycles can be latent which can cause tumors)
virulent
very harmful. (ex. lytic cycles can be very virulent)
benign tumors
less harmful, don’t spread (ex. warts)
malignant tumors
cancerous and can spread
dormant
inactive
viral diseases
HIV, HPV, Influenza
first line of defense
skin and other exterior barriers (mucus, sweat, oils, tears, ear wax, digestive acids
2nd line of defense
inflammatory response, involves phagocytes (ex. white blood cells), engulfs and breaks down invaders, histamine, interferon
3rd line of defense
involves antibodies - lymphocytes (ex. B-cells and T-cells)
B-cells
produces antibodies that stick to antigens to deactivate them (antibody mediated immunity)
T-cells
have antibodies around their surface which allows them to detect invaders (cell mediated attack)
phagocytes
a type of immune cell used to kill microorganisms, ingest foreign materials, and remove dead cells
lymphocytes
type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. in most vertebrates
Antibody
immunoglobulin. A type of protein that fights of antigens
active immunity
your bodies makes antibodies to fight against invaders (ex. fighting it off when infected, or by vaccination)
passive immunity
when your body receives antibodies from another source (shots (tetanus or rabies shot) and mothers milk)
immune disorders
allergies. involves production of IgE antibodies which trigger histamine release
autoimmune disorder
immune system attacks its own body (ex. juvenile onset diabetes)
antigen
a foreign substance that triggers an immune response
viral specificity
viruses with limited numbers of host they can infect (ex. influenza, HIV, HPV)
