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Virology > Virus entry attatchment > Flashcards

Virus entry attatchment Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of virus attatchment factors:

A

Glycoaminoglycans
Linear polysaccharides
Linked or unliked cell surface proteins. often negatively charged

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2
Q

Is Human rhinovirus enveloped or non enveloped?

A

Non enveloped

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3
Q

What is the receptor for HRV14/16 (major)?

A

ICAM-1

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4
Q

What is the receptor for HRV2 (minor)?

A

Low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)

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5
Q

What is the normal function of ICAM-1

A

Intracellular adhesion

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6
Q

What is the normal function of LDLR?

A

Uptake of lipids

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7
Q

Where is the picornavirus receptor binding site?

A

Base of canyon

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8
Q

What is at the base of the canyon?

A

A pocket occupied by a pocket factor, a lipid.

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9
Q

Primary receptor of HIV

A

CD4

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10
Q

What is the normal function of CD4?

A

Binding tp Class II MHC on APC, also binds IL16.

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11
Q

What chemokine receptors does HIV also bind to?

A

CCR5 and CxCR4

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12
Q

What gps multimerise to form spikes on HIV?

A

Gp41 and gp120 –> trimers.

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13
Q

What loop is there on the gp120 HIV protein?

A

V3 loop

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14
Q

What does V3 loop bind to prior to CD4/CCR5?

A

GAGs

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15
Q

Timeline of cell tropism in HIV

A

Early HIV infection in macrophages expressing CCR5
V3 loop mutation, acidic to basic amino acids
Later, HIV infects T-cells expressing CxCR4.

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16
Q

What drug is a CCR5 antagonist?

A

Maraviroc

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17
Q

Is influenza A, enveloped?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What are the two influenza A surface glycoproteins

A

Hemagglutinin (HA)
Neuraminidase (NA)

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19
Q

What determined flu host range?

A

Sialic acid linkage

20
Q

What does avain HA sialic acid bind to

A

2,3-linkage to galactose

21
Q

What does human HA sialic acid bind to

A

2,6-linkage to galactose

22
Q

What is the trimer glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2?

A

Spike glycoprotein S.

23
Q

Is SARS-CoV-2 enveloped?

A

Yes

24
Q

What is S cleaved into (covid)

A

S1 and S2

25
Q

What does S1 contain (covid)

A

Receptor binding domain

26
Q

What is the SARS-CoV-2 primary receptor?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2)

27
Q

Normal function of ACE-2

A

Cleaves angiotensin into Ang1-9, role in blood pressure and inflammation

28
Q

What is the additional receptor of SARS-CoV-2?

A

Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)

29
Q

What does TMPRSS2 do to S?

A

Cleaves into S1 and S2

30
Q

What is TMPRSS2 cleavage of S dependent on?

A

pH.

31
Q

How does clathrin mediated endocytosis work?

A

Clathrin cage causes membrane to curve. Pinches off to form vesicle, targeted to endosome.

32
Q

How does non clathrin dependent endocytosis work?

A

Caveolae form from cholesterol rich lipid rafts. Targeted to ER/late endosomes

33
Q

What viruses use non clathrin dependent endocytosis

A

Polyomaviruses and bunyaviruses

34
Q

How does macropintoctosis work?

A

Membrane ruffling large vesicles, targeted to late endosome

35
Q

What viruses use macopinoctosis?

A

Large viruses e.g herpes, pox and ebola

36
Q

What is phagocytosis activity based on?

A

Actin and surface receptors

37
Q

What type of endocytosis occurs in macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis

38
Q

What type of endocyotsis does the mimivirus use?

A

Endocytosis

39
Q

How do enveloped viruses penetrate?

A

Receptor binding
Endocytosis
Endosome under acidic pH
Fusion of biral and endosomal membranes lead to release of capsid into cytoplasm

40
Q

What drives the conformational change in the influenza virus HA.

A

Low pH

41
Q

How does HIV penentrate?

A

Receptor binding
Fusion of viral and plasma membranes cause release of capsid into cytoplasm

42
Q

Where are fusion peptides found?

A

In viral glycoproteins

43
Q

What is a fusion peptide

A

Short hydrophobic amino acid sequences that are able to fuse the viral and cellular membranes.

44
Q

Penetration of non-enveloped virus (1)

A

Receptor binding
Endocytosis
Held in an endosome, acidic pH
Three options: Uncoating before or after endosome distruption or pore formation

45
Q

Penetration of poliovirus (acid stable)

A

Receptor binds, memnbrane disruption and uncoating and pore formation

46
Q
A

Virology (5 decks)

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