virus Flashcards
myocarditis infection?
Infectious:
Viral (e.g. enterovirus, Coxsackie virus, rubella virus, polio virus, cytomegalovirus,
possibly hepatitis C, HIV)
Bacterial (e.g. brucella, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Haemophilus influenzae
Spirochetal (Borrelia burgdorferi and leptospirosis)
Bacterial myocarditis is rare in patients without immunodeficiency.
Protozoal (Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi)
Fungal (e.g. aspergillus)
Parasitic ascaris, Echinococcus granulosus,Trichinella spiralis, …
Immunological:
Allergic (e.g. acetazolamide, amitriptyline)
Rejection after a heart transplant
Autoantigens (e.g. systemic vasculitis such as Churg-Strauss syndrome, Wegener’s
granulomatosis)
Toxic:
Drugs (e.g. anthracyclines and some other forms of chemotherapy, ethanol, and
antipsychotics, e.g. clozapine)
Toxins (e.g. arsenic, carbon monoxide, snake venom)
Heavy metals (e.g. copper, iron)
Physical agents: electric shock, hyperpyrexia, and radiation
idiopathis myocarditis?
Infectious agent: Coxsackievirus B1 to 6
Picornavirus (+) ssRNA; enterovirus family,
other viruses (H1N1 swineflu, HIV)
Symptoms: ‚Bornholm disease‘
Mild gastrointestinal illness
B3: pericarditis
B3: myocarditis
(B4: possible cause of Diabetes
mellitus type I (early onset))
Viral (idiopathic) myocarditis: flashcard style
Diagnosis: clinical, RT-PCR in stool
Treatment: sympt.; Pleconaril® (VP-63843)
phase III clinical trial, no vaccine
Common/ mostly mild- 20% of sudden death.
Incidence unknown; 50% in HIV at autopsy
hand foot and mouth disease?
Infectious agent: Coxsackievirus B2, B5, A16
Picornavirus (+) ssRNA; enterovirus family
Hand-foot-and mouth-disease
Diagnosis: clinical, RT-PCR in stool
Symptoms:
painful necroses in mouth
lesions in palms of hand and feet
arthralgia
Complications
myocarditis
spontaneous abortion (late, 3rd
trimester)
Treatment: sympt.; Pleconaril® (VP-63843)
phase III clinical trial, no vaccine
Source: www.dermis.net
resp viruses?
SARS coronavirus treatment?
A treatment regimen for SARS in Guangzhou, China
Extracted & modified from Zhao Z, et al. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52: 715-20
1. Levofloxacin 200 mg twice daily plus azithromycin 600 mg daily intravenously.
- Recombinant interferon α 3.000.000 U daily intramuscularly (for 75% of their
cases) . - Corticosteroids:If patients failed to respond (continuing high fever), with
pulmonary infiltrates involving more than one pulmonary segment, or an
expanding area of consolidation was observed, they were treated with high-dose
methylprednisolone for 5-14 days (160-1000 mg daily depending on symptoms
and X-ray results: 160 mg daily if one lobe was involved; 320 mg daily if >1 lobe;
25% needed an increase in dosage from 160 to 320-720 mg daily to maintain
respiratory physiological parameters and to control temperature). - Oxygen 3-5 L per min was given by mask if SaO2 <95% or, if patients felt short of
breath, non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilation was
used. - If CPAP failed (SaO2 <90%), mechanical ventilation was used.
- Immunoglobulins, thymic peptides or recombinant human thymus proteins were
given to some critically ill patients.
influenza?
Family: Orthomyxoviridae
80 - 120 nm diameter
Segmented (-) ssRNA packaged
in nucleoprotein
Lipid envelope with surface
proteins hemagglutinin and
neuraminidase
(in Influenza A additionally ion
channel protein M2)
amantadine?
M2 ion channel blocker. increase H+ stops release
influenza types?
Influenza A: most common form very variable:
antigenic drift und shift
Influenza B: only human host, little variability
Influenza C: rare, human and pigs, mild infection
swineflu?
H1N1
asian virus>
H2N2
Spanish Virus?
H1N1
Hong Kong virus?
H3N2
Russian Virus?
H1N1
H5N1
Transmission of a new strain (H5N1)
from poultry to humans
the two types of vaccines?
The “flu shot”—an inactivated vaccine (made in embryonated chicken
eggs; containing split virions; eg Enzira®, Fluzone®) that is given with a
needle, usually in the arm. The flu shot is approved for use in people
older than 6 months, including healthy people and people with chronic
medical conditions. New influenza vaccines will be cell-culture based.
The nasal-spray flu vaccine—a vaccine made with live, weakened flu
viruses that do not cause the flu (sometimes called LAIV for “Live
Attenuated Influenza Vaccine”; eg FluMist® ). LAIV is approved for use
(in the US) in healthy people 5 years to 49 years of age who are not
pregnant.
New life vaccine in preclinical development: delta NS1 (antiinterferon) influenza, which undergoes abortive replication in the
respiratory tract of animals. Strong local interferon responses.
