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Ethics Finals > Virtue Ethics > Flashcards

Virtue Ethics Flashcards

1
Q

Virtue Ethics
Aristotle’s Argument

A

• Our emotions and desires are irrational and need to be controlled by reason.
• In order to control them, we need to apply moral virtue or practical wisdom.
• We need to find the mid-point or mean between two vices

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2
Q

Aristotle is well known for declaring that there are _.

A

“four kinds of causation”

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3
Q

The Four Causes:

A

Material Cause
Efficient Cause
Formal Cause
Final Cause

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4
Q

the material of which the thing being explained is made

A

Material cause

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5
Q

that from which the thing being explained comes

A

Efficient Cause

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6
Q

the form, arrangement, or shape of the thing being explained

A

Formal Cause

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7
Q

the purpose for which the thing being explained exists

A

Final Cause

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8
Q

The final cause is also referred to by the ancient Greek word _.

A

telos

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9
Q

As an example, to fully explain what a particular pot is, a person would give all four causes:

A

(1) this pot is made of clay (material),
(2) it was made by a potter (efficient),
(3) it has this shape (formal), and
(4) it is used for holding liquids and plants (final cause)

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10
Q

Aristotle laid down the foundation of his Ethical theory by introducing the three pivotal concepts in his Ethics:

A

Telos
Virtue
Eudaimonia

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11
Q

Means the end or goal of one’s action.

A

Telos

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12
Q

Means the good qualities that one should practice.

A

Virtue

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13
Q

As the ultimate goal of why one should be virtuous (Aristotle, 1999).

A

happiness or eudaimonia

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14
Q

As human beings, we too have telos. So, what is the purpose, goal, or aim of a person?

A

According to Aristotle, it is Eudaimonia.

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15
Q

Which means happiness or flourishing or a life lived well or human flourishing.

A

Eudaimonia

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16
Q

Aristotle’s special notion of happiness is not our conception of _.

A

“feeling happy” or euphoria

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17
Q

Aristotle believed that _ is the highest end or the highest good, and all subordinate goals- health, wealth, and other such resources - are sought because they promote well - being, not because they are what well - being consists in thus claiming it as the telos of a human being.

A

eudaimonia

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18
Q

So how does a person achieve one’s telos or eudaimonia?

A

Aristotle’s answer to this is Virtue.

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19
Q

He argued that nature has built into us the desire to be virtuous, in the same way, that acorns are built with a drive to become oak trees.

A

Aristotle

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20
Q

Aristotle understood virtue as a set of robust character traits that, once developed will lead to predictably _.

A

good behavior

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21
Q

Two Categories of Virtue:

A

Intellectual Virtues
Moral Virtues

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22
Q

Virtues of the mind.

A

Intellectual Virtues

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23
Q

Such as the ability to understand, reason and make sound judgement.

A

Intellectual Virtues

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24
Q

Intellectual virtues may be _, like _ and _ by teachers.

A

taught
logic
mathematics

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25
Q

Moral Virtues
_, rather they are acquired through _ and _, like learning a music instrument.

A

Not innate
repetition
practice

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26
Q

It is through the practice and the doing that one becomes a type of person.

A

Moral Virtues

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27
Q

Over a _ virtues become second nature.

A

period of time

28
Q

Virtue is then the midpoint between two extremes which Aristotle called _.

A

vices

29
Q

_ is a condition intermediate (a _ as it is popularly known) between two other states, one involving excess, and the other deficiency.

A

Ethical virtue
“golden mean”

30
Q

You act morally not because you are told to do so but because you are a virtuous man looking forward to a goal called _.

A

happiness

31
Q

As a virtuous man, you translate your acquired virtues into _.

A

action

32
Q

As far as the philosophy of Aristotle is concerned, _ is the development of virtue in a human being, as it makes a man good and ultimately will guide him in reaching _.

A

virtue ethics
happiness or eudaimonia

33
Q

According to Aristotle courage is the midpoint between the extremes of _ and _.

A

cowardice and recklessness

34
Q

_ is a deficiency of courage.

A

Cowardice

35
Q

_ is an excess of courage.

A

Recklessness

36
Q

_ and _ are both bad.

A

Cowardice and Recklessness

37
Q

So being _ doesn’t mean rushing headlong into danger.

A

courageous

38
Q

A courageous person will _, _, and _.

A

assess the situation,
they’ll know their abilities, and
they’ll take action that is right in the particular situation.

39
Q

Aristotle thought all virtue works like this. The _ is always the midpoint between two extremities.

A

right action

40
Q

The Golden Mean

Virtue(Moderation): Courage

Vice of Deficiency:
Vice of Excess:

A

Cowardice
Foolhardiness

41
Q

The Golden Mean

Virtue(Moderation): Temperance

Vice of Deficiency:
Vice of Excess:

A

Insensibility
Licentiousness

42
Q

The Golden Mean

Virtue(Moderation): Generosity

Vice of Deficiency:
Vice of Excess:

A

Stinginess
Prodigality

43
Q

The Golden Mean

Virtue(Moderation): Magnificence

Vice of Deficiency:
Vice of Excess:

A

Meanness
Vulgarity (ostentatious display of wealth)

44
Q

The Golden Mean

Virtue(Moderation): Highmindedmess

Vice of Deficiency:
Vice of Excess:

A

Humility
Vanity

45
Q

The Golden Mean

Virtue(Moderation): Wholesome ambition

Vice of Deficiency:
Vice of Excess:

A

Lack of ambition
Overambitiousness

46
Q

Aristotle reminded us that a _ means a well-functioning one.

A

good thing

47
Q

You often see _, _, _, etc., connoting the non-functionality of things; thus, the concept of Good is absent.

A

clogged bathrooms, out-of-order escalators, bad road conditions

48
Q

Furthermore, if you murder a person, the act is terrible since you take one’s life, and taking one’s life does not preserve life and terminates life from functioning well or developing into something better or to function well.
(_, 1999).

A

Aristotle

49
Q

3 Strengths of Virtue Ethics

A
  1. In stressing character and the end of the good life, virtue ethics goes behind the action and escapes the sterility of Utilitarianism or Kantian Ethics. (Character lies behind the action and so virtues are key in determining good actions).
  2. have social dimensions. (The Greeks believed that it is impossible for the individual to flourish without the community. Friendship was a key virtue: they avoided individualism).
  3. Sees eudaimonia as the telos (a flourishing and good life).
50
Q

3 Weakness of Virtue Ethics

A
  1. Cannot explain the weakness of the will. Under pressure, individuals tend to behave in a very unvirtuous manner.
  2. Cannot be separated from end and consequences. (you can be courageous Nazi or loyal Nazi, but if the end is evil then the virtue itself becomes evil).
  3. Culturally captive “Ethics appeals to the respectable middle-aged.. And has been used to suppress the enthusiasm and ardor of the young”. -Bertrand Russell
51
Q

In _, _ created an experiment to see if participants would follow orders even when the requested behavior went against their moral beliefs or good judgment.

A

1963, Stanley Milgram

52
Q

The Milgram Shock Experiment

A

A researcher asks the participant to administer electric shocks to a test subject when he answers questions incorrectly. The test subject is an actor, who makes noises of pain when he receives the shocks. The participant is made to believe that each shock is stronger than the last one.

53
Q

Our _ and _ are irrational and need to be controlled by _.

A

emitions and desires

reason

54
Q

In order to control emotions and desires, we need to apply _ or _.

A

moral virtue or practical wisdom

55
Q

We need to find the _ or _ between two vices hence, Aristotle introduced:

A

mid-point or mean

First, Telos, which means the end or goal of one’s action.
Second, Virtue, means the good qualities that one should practice,
Third is happiness or eudaimonia, as the ultimate goal of why one should be virtuous (Aristotle, 1999).

56
Q

Through the Categorical Imperative, you will realize that being ethical is not _; rather, there is always an apparent imperative in the moral command (Kant, 2002).

A

theoretical

57
Q

There is an apparent contradiction of Immanuel Kant’s Deontological Ethics to John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham’s idea that human nature is selfish and requires an objective calculus for ethical action to result. Kant, however, proposed that man should act out of his _ and not by the consequences of his actions. _ is done by following one’s duty and Obligation. Duty and Obligation are actualized in Kant’s Categorical Imperative: “Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law” (Schneewind 2010).

A

goodwill

58
Q

Kant’s Deontological Ethics reiterated the idea of duty and Obligation that _. In so doing, goodwill is attained in such a way that you should act based on your duty patterned in Reason.

For example, you have a duty as a student to submit your class requirements on time. Thus you are bound to follow this duty, in turn, will give you the freedom to do other things in the future (Schneewind, 2010).

A

one should act according to his duty and responsibility

59
Q

defined as “rights which exist under the rules of legal systems or by virtue of decisions of suitably authoritative bodies within them” (Zalta, 2016)

A

Legal Rights

60
Q

defined as a right that belongs to any moral entity that experiences freedom and rationality and is sentient.

A

Moral Right

61
Q

The mentioned attributes are basically predicated on human beings. Thus, _ pertains only to human beings (Gallenero et al., 2018).

A

moral right

62
Q

The fight for the rights of a human being is twofold.

A

First, you should consider your legal rights, e.g., right to life, right to vote, right to free speech, and so forth.

Second, your moral right is very encompassing but sometimes experiences an overlapped with the legal rights.

63
Q

In _, you usually hear that your rights stop when you step on somebody else’s rights. This is true; however, this is usually realized in the legal parlance where proper court proceedings are done, e.g., in a lawsuit.

Consequently, when the _, or let us say the fundamental rights you have, are being stepped upon by somebody else’s legal rights, conflict ultimately arises.

A

legal rights

moral rights

64
Q

The right to self-defense is constitutional. In the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines Book 1 Chapter II, Article. 11 states that:

A

CHAPTER TWO Justifying Circumstances and Circumstances which Exempt from Criminal Liability ARTICLE 11. Justifying Circumstances. — The following do not incur any criminal liability:
1. Anyone who acts in defense of his person or rights provided that the following circumstances concur:
First. Unlawful aggression;
Second. Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it;
Third. Lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the person defending himself.

  1. Anyone who acts in defense of the person or rights of his spouse, ascendants, descendants, or legitimate, natural or adopted brothers or sisters, or of his relatives by affinity in the same degrees, and those by consanguinity within the fourth civil degree, provided that the first and second requisites prescribed in the next preceding circumstance are present, and the further requisite, in case the provocation was given by the person attacked, that the one making defense had no part therein.
  2. Anyone who acts in defense of the person or rights of a stranger, provided that the first and second requisites mentioned in the first circumstance of this article are present and that the person defending be not induced by revenge, resentment, or another evil motive.
  3. Any person who, in order to avoid an evil or injury, does an act which causes damage to another, provided that the following requisites are present:
    First. That the evil sought to be avoided actually exists;
    Second. That the injury feared be greater than that done to avoid it; Third. That there be no other practical and less harmful means of preventing it.
  4. Any person who acts in the fulfillment of a duty or in the lawful exercise of a right or office.
  5. Any person who acts in obedience to an order issued by a superior for some lawful purpose (Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, 1930).
65
Q

_, a consequentialist framework of normative ethics.

A

Utilitarianism

Ethics Finals (3 decks)

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