St. Thomas: Natural Law

Question 1

Happiness as constitutive of _ and _.

Answer 1

moral and cardinal virtues

Question 2

It is seen from the seminal works of St. Thomas Aquinas how he mirrors _.

Answer 2

Aristotle’s idea

Question 3

Aristotle and St. Thomas both agree that

Answer 3

man is inherently good and is a rational being. Virtue leads to happiness and the absence of it leads to unhappiness.

Question 4

The Four Cardinal Virtues

Answer 4

Prudence
Justice
Temperance
Fortitude

Question 5

ability to judge between actions with regard to appropriate actions at a given time

Answer 5

Prudence

Question 6

the perpetual and constant will of rendering to each one his right

Answer 6

Justice

Question 7

practicing self-control, abstention, and moderation

Answer 7

Temperance

Question 8

forbearance, endurance, and ability to confront fear, uncertainty and intimidation

Answer 8

Fortitude

Question 9

_ believed that the morality of happiness should find a nexus between one’s actions of doing Good.

Answer 9

St. Thomas

Question 10

Thus, the four cardinal virtues: Prudence, Justice, Temperance, and Fortitude when becoming a habit to man, aids man in seeking _.

Answer 10

happiness

Question 11

The interconnectedness of these cardinal virtues enables you to reach the highest Good that is not of this world but ultimately in _.

Answer 11

union with God

Question 12

Ancient Philosopher:

Answer 12

Aristotle

Question 13

Medieval philosopher and Doctor of the church:

Answer 13

St. Thomas Aquinas

Question 14

For Aristotle, the highest Good is _ .
And that “ _ “ . (Aristotle, 1999)

Answer 14

happiness
“happiness is final and self-sufficient; it is desirable in itself and only for itself”

Question 15

The cultivation of the intellect is _.
- Aristotle

Answer 15

man’s highest good and purest happiness

Question 16

For Aristotle:

_ is considered the ultimate goal of a good man, which can be equated to having a good life. In other words, in this world, you can attain _.

Answer 16

happiness or eudaimonia

Question 17

For St. Thomas:

“Happiness is the _”.

Answer 17

perfect good which brings all of our desires to rest”.

Question 18

_ is the chief good. St. Thomas believed that everything we do, we do it for the sake of the _.

Answer 18

Perfect happiness
good

Question 19

There is a connection between _ with moral and cardinal virtues.

Answer 19

happiness

Question 20

Aristotle’s idea of happiness:

Answer 20

that of this world through being virtuous man, ultimately leads you to a good life or eudaimonia.

Question 21

For St. Thomas, the _ should be a union with the supreme creator through the practice of the cardinal virtues, in turn, subscribing to morality resulting in eternal happiness.

Answer 21

ultimate happiness

Question 22

Aristotle to a certain degree, trains the human being in preparation for St. Thomas’ _.

Answer 22

eternal happiness

Question 23

Heaven is often defined as _, but still, you would wish to believe that heaven is _.

Answer 23

a state of mind rather than a place

an abode for you to stay in when you die

Question 24

St. Therese of Lisieux:
“_” (Therese, 1975)

Answer 24

“Upon my death, I will let fall a shower of roses; I wish to spend my heaven in doing good upon the earth”

Question 25

If heaven is true, by considering _ concept of a virtuous man, you are spending heaven here on earth by doing good things leading to happiness. And eventually, to experience a not of this world happiness, you should subscribe to _ idea of eternal happiness.

Answer 25

Aristotle's St. Thomas'

Question 26

Thomas Aquinas was born in _ at _ in _.

Answer 26

1225 at Rocasseca in Italy

Question 27

He is a philosopher and theologian.

Answer 27

St. Thomas Aquinas

Question 28

St. Thomas Aquinas: The huge attempt in his academic and religious life was to combine the theological principles of _ with the philosophical principles of _.

Answer 28

faith reason

Question 29

He was one of the most influential thinkers of medieval Scholasticism.

Answer 29

St. Thomas Aquinas

Question 30

St. Thomas Aquinas: His seminal works are characterized critiques of the scriptures and the works of _.

Answer 30

Aristotle

Question 31

The idea of _ can be traced back to _, where it was defined as a true law as right reason in agreement with nature.

Answer 31

natural law Cicero

Question 32

St. Thomas has not left the predominant definition of _, which includes the nature of man as being rational.

Answer 32

natural law

Question 33

A man possessing _, _, and _, makes a natural law inherent to him.

Answer 33

virtues, good values, and goodwill

Question 34

For Aquinas: Law is not about commandments and obligations primarily but is about a _ or _ of order by which things are directed to their ends.

Answer 34

rational or reasonable principle

Question 35

_ is a teacher, a rule and measure of human acts.

Answer 35

Law

Question 36

The _ guides us in our actions to make sure they're upright and ordered to the common good and it gives us a way to judge our actions.

Answer 36

law

Question 37

"Law is an _ for the _ from him who has care of the community, which is promulgated or made known".

Answer 37

ordination of reason common good

Question 38

For St. Thomas, the _ is not a command of the will of a superior but is an expression of his reason consisting of a kind of reasoned plan or order of things towards the common good.

Answer 38

law

Question 39

The end that law aims at and serves.

Answer 39

Common good

Question 40

The common good is not like _ but like _.

Answer 40

pizza sports The problem with the pizza is that we might own a pizza in common but a slice of pizza cannot be eaten by two of us at the same time, or cannot be shared at the same time making the pizza a private good. In the case of victory in a sports team, these are good that can be shared by many, unlike slices of pizza, they are ends that we aim at in our common activity because a sports team aims at winning. When our team wins, you and I share in the victory and neither of us has less because it's shared. It's the same victory for each one of us and not the private property of just one person and yet it's genuinely good for each of them because it's a common good.

Question 41

An end and can be shared by many without loss or diminishment.

Answer 41

Common good

Question 42

Four Types of Laws

Answer 42

Eternal Law Natural Law Divine Law Human Law

Question 43

He introduced four (4) types of law.

Answer 43

St. Thomas Aquinas

Question 44

The 4 types of laws are arranged in a hierarchy where the _ participate in and makes more specific the _

Answer 44

lower types of law higher types

Question 45

The whole plan or creation itself.

Answer 45

Eternal Law

Question 46

Rational creatures participation in the Eternal Law.

Answer 46

Natural Law

Question 47

Laws revealed through divine revelation in the Old and New Testaments.

Answer 47

Divine Law

Question 48

Application of the Natural Law on various levels in particular communities.

Answer 48

Human Law

Question 49

Aquinas starts with the highest possible level, _, who not only is the creator of the universe but is also its end, the source of its order and who governs it by his providential plan.

Answer 49

God himself

Question 50

This plan of order emerges from God's divine reason as an idea in God's mind. And like God himself, this plan is eternal and so Aquinas calls this the _.

Answer 50

Eternal Law

Question 51

"_ is basically God Himself."

Answer 51

Eternal Law

Question 52

Eternal Law is the reason _.

Answer 52

God governs the whole universe.

Question 53

For Aquinas the Eternal Law is not only in God's mind but also in the _.

Answer 53

things God makes.

Question 54

Means in particular the way rational creatures, human beings, participate in God's plan that is the Eternal Law.

Answer 54

Natural Law

Question 55

Man's rational participation in Eternal Law.

Answer 55

Natural Law

Question 56

Of all animals, only human beings have the faculty of _.

Answer 56

reason

Question 57

For example, killing another person is wrong since the _ does not promote killing. This law should be concerned with what the _ proposes.

Answer 57

divine law

Question 58

Natural Law: Why human beings?

Answer 58

Because we are capable of understanding the world around us, grasping with our minds what is good for us to do and moving ourselves to do it according to this rational desire, which we call our will.

Question 59

Derived from a transcendent source, God in this case.

Answer 59

Divine Law

Question 60

This theological explanation of law emanates from a supreme being.

Answer 60

Divine Law

Question 61

Manmade and considered the lowest form of law.

Answer 61

Human Law

Question 62

Man promulgates this law to uphold a citizen's civil rights in a particular society (Aquinas, 1911).

Answer 62

Human Law

Question 63

Aquinas embraced the definition of the person proposed by the 6th - century Roman philosopher _ who describes the human person as "_".

Answer 63

Boethius "an individual substance of a rational nature. "

Question 64

Aquinas agreed with Aristotle that the human person is composed of _ and _.

Answer 64

a soul and a body

Question 65

Aristotle, later on, highlight the supremacy of the soul in the sense that the soul is _ and _.

Answer 65

permanent and incorruptible

Question 66

_ further argued that the soul is capable of existence apart from the body after death.

Answer 66

Aquinas

Question 67

Aquinas also shared the idea of Aristotle that human beings share the same _ with the rest of the _. However, for Aquinas, what distinguishes a human person from other animals is her being _, and this _ is her capacity to make intelligent and informed choice.

Answer 67

generic properties animal kingdom rational rationality

Question 68

The human soul can be categorized into two:

Answer 68

Appetitive Cognitive

Question 69

Reason cannot dictate the _ (irrational, vegetative, or will).

Answer 69

appetitive element

Question 70

This is the part of man, not in the realm of virtues.

Answer 70

Appetitive

Question 71

Arises out of the human person's desire to satisfy one's pleasure.

Answer 71

Appetitive

Question 72

Human beings' craving for food, sex, wine, and other pleasurable things fall under the _.

Answer 72

appetitive element

Question 73

A person's action, which is borne out of the _, is usually done out of impulse, which naturally goes against reason.

Answer 73

appetitive element

Question 74

The _ of the soul plays an important part for it provides nutrition and nourishment for the body, which provides energy and strength for the physical growth of the body.

Answer 74

appetitive element

Question 75

Also known as the rational faculty or the intellect.

Answer 75

Cognitive aspect

Question 76

May lead the human person towards excellence or virtue.

Answer 76

Cognitive aspect

Question 77

This faculty enables us to know, understand and apprehend the nature of the good.

Answer 77

Cognitive aspect

Question 78

Human actions in accordance with our rational faculty are done _, i.e., exercised according to the reasoned account of what a person thinks is _. As such, it can be considered a product of our own _.

Answer 78

voluntarily good free judgment

Question 79

5 Principle Natural Inclinations

Answer 79

1. The Good 2. Life 3. Procreation 4. Social Life 5. Knowledge

Question 80

_ is not imposed on us by some external will that commands us from above, it's rather the very design of our being.

Answer 80

Natural Law

Question 81

The first inclination stems from the first precept of natural law "_". Because they come from God and are endowed with the faculty of reason, human beings naturally are inclined towards goodness.

Answer 81

"do good and avoid evil"

Question 82

Human beings are _ because they can know the good.

Answer 82

inherently good

Question 83

We are naturally good and continue to become good persons by simply following our _ .

Answer 83

innate human nature

Question 84

The _ is shared with other created beings.

Answer 84

second natural inclination - to preserve one's own being.

Question 85

Aquinas is telling us that preserving human life is in accordance with the _.

Answer 85

precepts of natural law Therefore, it is unethical to kill and unacceptable to take one's own life since it violates our natural tendency for self-preservation.

Question 86

The _ is one that we share with other animals, which has something to do with the _.

Answer 86

third inclination propagation of species and the care of one's offspring

Question 87

Animals (including humans) engage in _ when they are "_". This is also when they are most fertile and will have a higher chance of conceiving.

Answer 87

sexual intercourse "in heat"

Question 88

The _ is that human beings are also _ according to their essence of natural capacity as rational creatures.

Answer 88

fourth inclination inclined to do good

Question 89

By using their intellect, human beings have the capacity to _ . In turn, man _.

Answer 89

know the truth about themselves, other people, society, and God. helps others and creates a support system.

Question 90

The _ is that human beings have an _.

Answer 90

fifth one obligation to dispel ignorance in order to move closer to the truth

Question 91

Human beings are naturally inclined to _ and are naturally _. They want to _, _, and _.

Answer 91

explore curious discover new things, produce new knowledge, and contribute to the advancement of human understanding

Question 92

All these human activities lead us closer to _, and eventually will bring us closer to _, who is the source of all _ and _. This inclination to pursue the truth will enable human beings to act in accordance with their _ and lead them towards their _, which is _.

Answer 92

the truth God knowledge and wisdom true nature ultimate end God

Question 93

The relationship between natural law and the human law: _ is only moral when it confronts with _.

Answer 93

Human Law Natural Law

Question 94

The relationship between natural law and the human law: The _ is most clear with respect to certain general and negative precepts like the precepts of the _.

Answer 94

Natural Law Ten Commandments

Question 95

The relationship between natural law and the human law: Violations like _, _, _, _, and _, and _ are wrong always and everywhere because they are contrary to what the _ teaches us that is good for human beings.

Answer 95

theft, murder, lying, adultery, and other sexual sins, and suicide Natural Law

Question 96

_ thinks that an important part of human lawmakers is to specify and apply the general precepts of the Natural Law in a particular context and for a particular community.

Answer 96

Aquinas

Question 97

_ demands that human lawmakers should write laws that order their community towards its _.

Answer 97

Natural Law common good