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Pathology > virology II > Flashcards

virology II Flashcards

1
Q

___ is a common cold virus with over 100 distinct serotypes. It is Naked

A

rhinovirus

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2
Q

what are common cold viruses

transmitted via respiratory droplet, self-contained, NO VACCINE (changes too much)

A

rhinovriruses and coronaviruses

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3
Q

___ is a common cold virus which causes SARS. It is Enveloped,

A

coronaviruses

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4
Q

___ virus causes “German Measles” and is usually a mild, self-limited disease, but can be a destructive fetal pathogen**.

Is there a vaccine?

A

rubella virus (german measles)

live, attenuated

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5
Q

congenitals infection of rubella virus

A

FETAL DEAFNESS, cats, glaucoma, heart defects, metal retardation

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6
Q

Ocular manifestations of congenital Rubella

A

“Salt and Pepper” retinopathy, and congenital cataracts

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7
Q

___ is a flavivirus that has a mesquito vector

is there a vaccine?

A

west nile virus, reservoir (birds/horses), there is NO VACCINE so manage by VECTOR CONTROL

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8
Q

symptoms of west nile virus

A 
Asymptomatic=80%
Headache
Myalgia
Maculopapular rash
Acute flaccid paralysis
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9
Q

rare complications of west nile

A

hepatitis, myocarditis, pancreatitis

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10
Q

___ is a paramyxovirus which causes Koplik spots on the inner cheek.

is there a vaccine?

A

measles (rubeola); primarily in children

live vaccine; it’s re-emerging due to people not vaccinating

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11
Q

what are symptoms of measles (rubeola)

A

Fever
URI
Maculopapular rash
Koplik spots***=grains of salt on wet background
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (rare)=inflammation of the brain, which can cause damage to the brain or death

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12
Q

___ is caused by a paramyxovirus and is characterized by massive swelling of lymph nodes

vaccine?

A

mumps

yes, live, attenuated;; get your booster!

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13
Q

what are symptoms of mumps

A

parotitis, pancreatitis, orchitis in adult males, meningoencephalitis

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14
Q

___ is a paramyxovirus which causes cold-like symptoms and bronchiolitis in 2-3% of cases, typically in infants

transmitted via respitory, direct, or fomite

vaccine?

A

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV);

prematures and immunocompromised are high risk for this

only pallative: relief from symptoms

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15
Q

what are clinical manifestations of RSV

A

cold-like symptoms

bronchiolitis (2-3%): inflammation of bronchioles

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16
Q

___ virus has two group (A and B) which causes chills, fever, headache, muscle aches, general malaise, pneumonia***:inflammation of lungs, exudates as breeding ground for SECONDARY infections

vaccine?

A

influenza virus

yes, seasonal inactivated;; 2 A and I b (trivalent, fancy)

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17
Q

why does the flu change each year?

A

antigenic drift

antigenic shift

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18
Q

antigenic drift

A

random mutations of the influenza virus

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19
Q

antigenic shift

A

Occurs when two strains of influenza virus are co-infecting at the same time and create a new hybrid virus. This creates a new surface antigen (ex. H1N1)

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20
Q

____ are enveloped, RNA viruses that are transmitted by inset bite/inhalation/direct contact. It’s characterized by FEVER and HEMORRHAGE.

It’s characterized by ___ cell infection, ____ and endothelial dysfunction, and ___ and _____ in multiple organs

A

viral hemorrhagic fevers

endothelial
platelet
hemorrhage AND necrosis

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21
Q

Examples of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers

A 
Lassa fever
Rift Valley fever
Ebola virus
Marburg virus
Yellow fever
Dengue
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22
Q

___ virus is transmitted sexually or orally, manifests as fluid-filled vesicles, and has 2 types (both can be latent infections).

A

herpes

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23
Q

HSV type __: Occurs in Trigeminal ganglion
Cold sores
Encephalitis: inflammation of the brain

(above the belt)

A

I

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24
Q

HSV Type __: Occurs in sacral root ganglion
Genital herpes
Meningitis

(below the belt)

A

II

25
Q

is there a vaccine for herpes?

A

NO :(

26
Q

what causes herpes to recurr?

A 
Head trauma
Stress
Fever
UV light
Menstrual cycles
Immunosuppression
27
Q

_____latent infection that manifests as a dendritic epithelial ulcer

A

herpes keratitis

28
Q

What are characteristic effects of recurrent HSV keratitis?

A 
Corneal scarring
Thinning
Neovascularization
Decreased corneal sensation
Vision loss
29
Q

is there treatment for herpes keratitis?

A

topical and oral antivirals to reduce number of recurrences

30
Q

____ virus causes chicken pox. It can develop latent infection.

is there a vaccine?

A

varicella-zoster virus

yes, live attenuated

31
Q

characteristics of chickenpox

A 
Self, limiting infection
Vesicular rash
Meningitis (rare)
Pneumonia (rare)
Latent in dorsal root ganglia
32
Q

___ is a recurrence of the varicella-zoster virus

is there a vaccine?

A

shingles

asymmetric rash; limited to one dermatone ; can lead to POST herpatic neuralgia

Zostivax, live attenuated; BUT EXPENSIVE!

33
Q

Herpes Zoster ___ is the recurrence of the HSV on the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, which may involve nerves of the cornea; hutchingson’s sign

A

ophthalmicus

34
Q

clinical manifestations of HZ opthalmicus

A 
Conjunctivitis
Scleritis (rare)
Iritis
Pseudodendrites
Neurotrophic keratitis
Elevated IOP

RESPECTS THE MIDLINE, HUTCHINGSON’S SIGN

35
Q

_____ virus is transmitted via saliva and selectively infects B cells. Causes Infectious Mononucleosis.

Is there a vaccine?

A

epstein-barr virus

mono is BENIGN and self-limited

no vaccine, no one ever died from kissing (ha!)

36
Q

what are clinical manifestations of mono

A 
Fatigue
Fever
Sore throat
Lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly:: spleen enlargement due to B cells
37
Q

___ is transmitted via direct contact with bodily fluid and kissing. It can also be transmitted congenitally causing CNS dysfunction.

CMV causes ____ in AIDS patients

A

cytomegalovirus (CMV)

retinitis

38
Q

___ is transmitted via skin or genital contact and causes warts.

is there a vaccine?

A

human papillomavirus (HPV)

skin, genital, anal warts

yes, subunit vaccine; protects against cervical cancer!

39
Q

more serious than warts, HPV subtypes 16 AND 18 can also cause ____ by inactivating p53 gene

A

cancer; only cause of cervical cancer in women

40
Q

clinical manifestations of hepatitis (inflammation of the liver)

A 
Jaundice
Fever
Anorexia
Malaise
Fibrosis (chronic)
Cirrhosis (chronic)
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic)
41
Q

what are the causes of hepatitis?

A

Toxins
Autoimmune diseases
Hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, E

42
Q

Hepatitis __ virus is in the Picornaviridae family. It manifests as acute, viral hepatitis and is asymptomatic in 90% of infected children. Fecal/Oral route (kids are dirty…)

Is there treatment?

A

A

pallative treatment (immunoglobins)

43
Q

Hepatitis __ virus is in the hepadnavirus family. It manifests as acute, viral hepatitis, fulminant hepatic failure, or chronic hepatitis (cirrhosis, carcinogenic)

A

B

44
Q

what is prevention for Hep A?

A

sanitation, hygiene, inactivated virus vaccine

45
Q

What makes hep B unique? How do you treat it? How do you prevent it?

A

it has a Pararetrovirus:: plasmid

Treat with interferon therapy AND antiviral medications

Prevent it with subunit vaccine ;; we need three doses!! very important as a healthcare professional

46
Q

What is transmission of Hep B?

A

blood-borne, sexual, vertical

47
Q

Hepatitis __ is in the Flavivirdae family with many different genotypes. It can cause acute asymptomatic infection OR chronic infection (80% of cases!!!) that involves cirrhosis, liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma, and portal hypertension. Responsible for 25% of liver cancers worldwide

A

Hep C

48
Q

What is transmission of Hep C?

A

blood-borne, sexual, congenital

49
Q

what is treatment for Hep C?

A

interferon therapy, antiviral medications-treatment is a lot shorter AND fewer side effects, but VERY EXPENSIVE!

50
Q

___ is a which is commonly the cause of URI, gastroenteritis, and conjunctivitis. They are very persistent outside of the body and can last for hours on surfaces. Transmission on droplet, fecal-oral, fomited

what is prevention?

A

adenovirus

vaccine and hygiene-majority

51
Q

What are severe clinical manifestations of adenovirus?

A

Meningitis
Encephalitis
Pneumonia

52
Q

___ conjunctivitis is frequently associated with URI by auto-innoculation (ex. sneeze then wipe eye) and is the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis

A

adenoviral

53
Q

clinical manifestations of adenoviral conjunctivitis

A 
Hyperemia
Chemosis
Epiphora
Decreased acuity
Eyelid edema
And...
Corneal infiltrates
Subconjunctival petechiae**blood
Follicles
Pseudomembranes:: exudate, viral
Palpable preauricular nod::ear
54
Q

how do you treat adenoviral conjunctivitis? what is the diagnosis?

A

betadine treatment AND palliative

RPS adeno dectector :: lateral flow ELISA

55
Q

what is the mechanism of action for antivirals

A

entry prevention

viral synthesis inhibition

56
Q

what are 3 ways to prevent entry of viruses?

A

Prevent attachment
Prevent endocytosis
Prevent uncoating

57
Q

what are 4 ways to inhibit viral synthesis inhibition?

A
  1. Protease inhibitors
  2. Reverse-transcriptase inhibitors
  3. Integrase inhibitors
  4. Neuraminidase inhibitors
58
Q

what are types of attenuated, inactivated and subunit vaccines?

A 
Attenuated: weakened live virus
□ Hepatitis A
□ Polio (injected)
□ Influenza
inactivated:
Hepatitis A
□ Polio (injected)
□ Influenza
Subunit: Hep B

Pathology (13 decks)

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