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Virology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

A

“Live! See Small Yellow Chickens get vaccinated with and Sabin’s and MMR. It’s Incredible!”

  • Smallpox, Yellow fever, Chickenpox (VZV), Sabin’s poliovirus, MMR, Intranasal influenza.
  • Cannot give to HIV patients, except MMR (if they do not show signs of immunodeficiency)
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2
Q

Killed vaccines

A

“RIP Always”

*Rabies, Injected influenza, Salk Polio (salK=killed), HAV

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3
Q

Recombinant vaccines

A

HBV, HPV

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4
Q

Egg-based vaccines

A

Influenza, Yellow fever; also, MMR but so little that it does not cause problems

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5
Q

DNA and RNA virus genomes

A
  • All DNA viruses are dsDNA, except parvoviridae (part-of-a-virus)
  • All RNA viruses are linear, except papilloma, polyoma, and hepadnaviruses (circular)
  • All RNA viruses are ssRNA, except Reovirus (repeato-virus)
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6
Q

RNA viruse genomes

A
  • Almost all linear (circular are papilloma-, polyoma-, hepadna-)
  • Almost all ssRNA (except Reoviridae)
  • Positive stranded: i went to a RETRO TOGA party, where I drank FLAVored CORONA and ate Hippy (hepe) CALI PICkles.
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7
Q

DNA viruses

A

HHHAPPPPy viruses: Herpes (acquire envelope from nuclear membrane), Hepadna (HBV, circular incomplete), Adeno, Pox (complex, replicates outside nucleus), Parvo (ss), Papilloma and Polyoma (both are circular, supercoiled)

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8
Q

Herpesviruses

A

dsDNA linear with envelope acquired from nuclear membrane

  • HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
  • PCR is test of choice, but Tzanck test (detects multinucleated giant cells in HSV-1/2,VZV) is specific
  • Intranuclear Cowdry A inclusions in infected cells
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9
Q

HSV-1

A

Oral>genital lesions, gingivostomatitis, keratoconjunctivitis, temporal lobe encephalitis, herpes labialis; Latent in trigeminal ganglion

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10
Q

HSV-2

A

Genital> oral lesions, dormant in S2-3 ganglia

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11
Q

VZV (HHV-3)

A

Chickenpox (orally transmitted), Zoster (contact transmission), Rarely encephalitis and pneumonia. Latent in DRG

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12
Q

EBV (HHV-4)

A

Mononucleosis, Burkitt’s/Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hairy cell leukoplakia. Latent in B cells.

  • Atypical lymphocytes on blood smear are reactive cytotoxic T cells (not infected B cells)
  • Positive monospot test: heterophile abs detected by agglutination of sheep/horse RBS; + also associated with Hodgkins/ Burkitt’s lymphoma/ nasopharyngeal carcinoma/ thymic carcinoma
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13
Q

CMV (HHV-5)

A

Congenital infection, mononucleosis (negative monospot), pneumonia, retinitis, esophagitis; Owl’s eye inclusions. Latent in mononuclear cells (Cowdry A bodies). TORCHeS.

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14
Q

HHV-6

A

Roseola: fevers -> seizure -> rash

*HHV-7 is less common form of roseola; subclinical; most adults are +)

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15
Q

HHV-8

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma in HIV patients (benign); Cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, PDGF) -> neovascularization and hemoptysis (if in lungs); sexually transmitted.

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16
Q

Hepadnavirus

A

dsDNA partial circular

HBV acute or chronic hepatitis, virus available (recombinant HBsAg); not a retrovirus but has RT

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17
Q

Adenovirus

A 
dsDNA linear
Febrile pharyngitis (+ GI disease), pneumonia, conjunctivitis (pink eye)
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18
Q

Parvovirus

A

ssDNA linear (-) virus

  • B19: aplastic anemia in SCD; slapped cheeks (erythema infectiosum) in children; hydrops fetalis in fetus; in adults just see RBC aplasia and RA-like illness
  • TORCHeS (Other)
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19
Q

Papillomavirus

A

dsDNA circular

  • HPV: warts (1, 2, 6, 11), CIN, cervical cancer (16, 18), vulvar/penile carc.
  • Recombinant vaccine
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20
Q

Polyomavirus

A

dsDNA circular

  • JC virus: PML in HIV; “junky cerebrum”
  • BK virus: kidney transplant; “bad kidney”
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21
Q

Poxvirus

A

dsDNA linear and large
*Smallpox (live vaccine; warfare); Vaccinia (cowpox; milkmaid’s blisters); Molluscum contagiosum (flesh-colored dome lesions with central dimple, self-limited unless immunocompromised)

22
Q

RNA Viruses

A
  • Positive: i went to a RETRO TOGA party, where i drank FLAVOred CORONA and ate HIPPY CALIfornia PICkles (retro, toga, flavi, corona, hepe, calici, picorna)
  • Negative: Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication (arena, bunya, paramyxo, orthomyxo, filo, rhabdo); also, Delta virus- HDV (-ssRNA circular)
  • ds: Reoviridae (colti -> colorado tick fever, rotavirus -> fatal diarrhea in children)
23
Q

Retrovirus

A

+ssRNA linear with Reverse Transcriptase

  • HIV
  • HTLV (T-cell leukemia)
24
Q

Togavirus

A

+ssRNA linear

*Rubella (TORCHeS) -> PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis

25
Q

Flavivirus

A

+ssRNA linear
*HCV, Yellow fever, Dengue (mosquito born, break bone, hemorrhagic fever, Tourniquet), St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile fever (mosquitos - humans, dog, horse incidental host; flu -> cx meningitis, encephalitis, paralysis; dX using IgM; infected Anterior Horn like polio)

26
Q

Coronavirus

A

+ssRNA linear

Common cold and SARS

27
Q

Hepevirus

A

+ssRNA linear

HEV

28
Q

Calicivirus

A

+ssRNA linear

*Norovirus (norwalk): viral gastroenteritis

29
Q

Picornavirus

A

+ssRNA linear, all fecal-oral, PERCH:

  • Poliovirus (Salk killed, Sabin attenuated vaccine; infects anterior horn like West Nile)
  • Echovirus: aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, pools
  • Rhinovirus: common cold!!
  • Coxsackievirus: aseptic meningitis, herpangina, hand/foot/mouth disease, myocarditis
  • HAV: acute viral hepatitis
30
Q

Arenavirus

A

-ssRNA circular, 2 segments

31
Q

Bunyavirus

A
  • ssRNA circular, 3 segments

* Hantavirus- hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia; spread by deer mouse urine

32
Q

Paramyxovirus

A
  • ssRNA linear, nonsegmented, PaRaMyxovirus:
  • Parainfluenza- croup (laryngotracheobronchitis with + steeple sign, seal barking cough)
  • RSV- bronchiolitis and pneumonia in babies
  • Measles and Mumps
33
Q

Orthomyxovirus

A
  • ssRNA linear, 8 segments

* Influenza, including avian (H5N1) and swine (H1N1)

34
Q

Filovirus

A
  • ssRNA linear

* Ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever (soft, dark palate)- often fatal!

35
Q

Rhabdovirus

A
  • ssRNA linear

* Rabies: killed vaccine

36
Q

Segmented viruses

A

Capable of reassortment (high frequency recombination and leads to Shifts “oh shit”)

  • BOAR: Bunyavirus, Orthomyxovirus (influenza), Arenavirus, Reovirus
  • all are RNA
37
Q

Rhinovirus

A 
a Picornavirus (+ssRNA linear, nonenveloped)
*Common cause of cold, >100 serotypes, the only picornavirus that does not infect the GIT bc it is acid labile)
38
Q

Yellow fever virus

A 
A flavivirus (and arbovirus) transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes
*Fever, black vomit, jaundice, hematuria and renal disease, epistaxis, echymoses, hemorrhagia, red tongue sides and tip with white center coat
39
Q

Rotavirus

A

A reovirus (dsDNA linear, 10-12 segments)

  • The most important global cause of infantile gastroenteritis, major cause of diarrhea especially during winter and in day-care centers
  • Villous destruction with atrophy leads to decreased absorption of Na+ and loss of K+
  • CDC recommonds vaccinating all infants
40
Q

Influenza

A

An orthomyxovirus (-ssRNA, enveloped, 8 segments)

  • Contains hemagglutinin (viral entry) and neuraminidase (progeny release)
  • Risk of bacterial superinfectin
  • Kill injection vaccine, egg-based; Or live, temperature sensitive mutant that replicates in nose but not lung, for children
  • Shifts cause pandemics (reassortment- segments undergo high frequency recombination, such as human flu A recombining with swine flu A
  • Drift causes epidemics (random mutation)
41
Q

Rubella

A

A togavirus (+ssRNA, enveloped)

  • Fever, postauricular adenopathy, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, fine TRUNCAL rash that starts at head and moves down, PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis
  • TORCHeS
42
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A

A paramyxovirus that causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia in babies (brassy cough), tx with Ribavirin; Palivizumab (F protein ab) prevents RSV pneumonia in premies

43
Q

Measles virus

A

A paramyxovirus

  • Cough, Coryza, Conjunctivitis; Koplik spots; descending maculopapular rash (last thing to present) that starts on head, spreads to toe, including hands and feet (rash d/t endothelial CMI in dermal capillaries- no rash in immunocompromised!)
  • Cx: Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis can occur years later; Giant cell pneumonia in immunosuppressed
44
Q

Mumps virus

A

A paramyxovirus
“Mumps makes your parotid glands and testes as big as POM-poms”
*Parotitis, Orchitis, aseptic Meningitis (can cause sterility)

45
Q

Viral meningitis causes

A

Coxsackievirus, Echovirus, Enterovirus

46
Q

Rabies virus

A

A rhabdovirus (-ssRNA linear), bullet-shaped

  • Negri bodies in Purkinje cells of cerebellum
  • Long incubation period
  • Travels to CNS by migrating retrograde up axons
  • Fever, malaise -> agitation, photophobia, hydrophobia -> paralysis, coma -> death
  • Killed vaccine
47
Q

HAV

A

*HAV: RNA picornavirus, fecal-oral, acute and short

48
Q

HBV

A

DNA hepadnavirus, sexual transmission, long incubation, integrates into host genome acting as oncogene (has DNA polymerase that makes dsDNA -> host RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA and makes proteins)

  • Order of serology: SECES
  • Anti-HBe confers low transmissibility
  • Anti-HBs indicates immunity
  • Window period: still infected, but (-)Ag
49
Q

HCV

A

*HCV: RNA flavivirus, parenteral transmission, HCC from chronic inflammation (tx with alpha-IFN, ribavirin)

50
Q

HDV

A

*HDV: RNA delta virus, requires HBV

51
Q

HEV

A

*HEV: fecal-oral, waterborne, acute, high mortality in pregnant women

Microbiology (6 decks)

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