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Microbiology > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a virus?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites that replicate by self-assembly of individual components rather than by binary fission

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2
Q

Describe the genome of viruses?

A

Limited size consisting of ds or ss DNA or RNA

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3
Q

What are + RNA genomes?

A

They have the same sense as mRNA

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4
Q

What are -RNA genomes?

A

They have the opposite sense of mRNA and must be changed before they can encode proteins

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5
Q

What are segmented Genomes? Example?

A

Have chromosome-like genomes. Flu, which uses recombination to get variation

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6
Q

What are capsids?

A

Protein shells that withstand environmental conditions

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7
Q

What are three basic forms of capsides

A

Icosohedral, Helical, Complex

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8
Q

What is the most important characteristic of capsids in terms of formation?

A

They are self-forming

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9
Q

What is concerted assembly?

A

Helical formation, where the nucleic acid is never exposed to the cytoplasm

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10
Q

What is sequential assembly/headful packaging?

A

Icosohedral formation, in steps, where the nucleic acids are exposed to the environment

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11
Q

What is a naked virus?

A

Genome+capsid

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12
Q

What is an encapsulated virus?

A

A virus surrounded by genome+capsid+lipids forming a membrane

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13
Q

Why do viruses use repeating subunits to build their capsids?

A

They have limited genomes, so this is efficient.

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14
Q

What are the consequences of virus envelopes?

A

Less stable than naked viruses (more susceptible to drying, sensitive to detergents, cannot survive GI tract)
Enveloped viruses spread in large droplets, secretions and blood

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15
Q

What a virus is spread by oral-fecal route, is it most likely naked or enveloped?

A

Naked

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16
Q

What are the steps of virus replication?

A 
Attachment
Penetration
Uncoating
Transcrip and synth of nonstructural proteins
Genome Repl
Transcr and synth of struc proteins
Assembly
release
17
Q

What is special about retroviruses?

A

They must be transferred back to DNA then RNA.

18
Q

What polymerase to DNA viruses use?

A

Host RNA pol II, redirecting its purpose to virus production

19
Q

What is the difference in polymerases between large and small DNA viruses?

A

Small uses host RNA pol. Large encode their own pols.

20
Q

What is a plaque?

A

A hole in a confluent monolayer of cells left after lysis

21
Q

What is a lysate?

A

suspension of irions in culture medium that results from unrestricted growth of the virus on a monolayer

22
Q

What is particle-to-pfu ratio?

A

Tells the amount of particles released compared to how many plaques form

23
Q

What is MOI?

A

Multiplicity of Infection, infectious particles to number of target cells released

24
Q

What are the three changes viral genomes undergo?

A

Complementation (RNA or DNA)
Recombination (DNA)
Reassortment (Segmented only)

25
Q

What is complementation?

A

Sharing of proteins, with polymerase switching around virus strands in one cell to get all the needed proteins

26
Q

What is recombination?

A

Obviously…

27
Q

What is reassortment?

A

occurring in only segmented virus, it’s what it sounds like.

28
Q

What virus uses reassortment for variation?

A

Flu

29
Q

Is complementation or recombination more likely?

A

Complementation because its dna and rna.

30
Q

What is syncytial formation?

A

A conglomeration of a multiple viral infected cells that don’t require classical viral spread through lysis for infection (example HIV)

31
Q

What is secondary spread?

A

Spread through blood or lymph of the virus.

32
Q

What are three forms of persistent viral infections?

A

Chronic, Latent, Transforming

33
Q

What is the first defense against viruses?

A

Natural Killer Cells, interferon

34
Q

How does IFN work against Viruses?

A

Binds to nearby uninfected cells, killing them before they are infected. This prevents spread.

35
Q

How can antibodies neutralize viruses?

A

Binding to their receptors

Microbiology (4 decks)

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