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PID > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

What is virology?

A

the study of viruses and viral disease

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2
Q

What is a virologist?

A

someone who studies viruses

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3
Q

T or F: Viruses cause high rates of morality and morbidity in animals and birds?

A

True

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4
Q

T or F: Viruses cause financial loss to livestock and poultry industries

A

True

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5
Q

T or F: Some viruses are zoonotic ?

A

True

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6
Q

Are viruses non living?

A

yes

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7
Q

What does a viruses contain?

A

nucleic aicd genome (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and in some cases a lipid envelope

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8
Q

T or F: Viruses posses standard cellular organelles?

A

False, THEY DONT

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9
Q

Can viruses make energy or proteins by themsleves?

A

no

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10
Q

T or F: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites?

A

true, they hack the cell machinery

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11
Q

Do viruses have the capability to multiply by division?

A

No

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12
Q

How does a viruses reproduce?

A

by an assembly line in which various parts come together from different parts of the host cell to form new virus particles

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13
Q

What is a capsid?

A

protein shell of a virus that encases/envelopes the viral nucleic acid or genome

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14
Q

What is a capsid made up of?

A

capsomeres held together by non covalent bonds

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15
Q

What is nucleocapsid?

A

capsid + virus nucleic acid

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16
Q

T or F: some viruses have additional layer known as envelope

A

True

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17
Q

What is a envelope of a viruses made up of?

A

lipid bilayer derived from host cell

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18
Q

T or F: Glycoproteins are present on the surface of the envelope, and often appear as spikes

A

True

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19
Q

T or F: Naked viruses have only protein capsid enclosing nucleic acid?

A

true

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20
Q

T or F: Enveloped viruses have an additional lipid layer enclosing the protein capsid enclosing nucleic acid?

A

True

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21
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

the ability of some viruses to alter their shape of size

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22
Q

Does RNA have double-stranded and single stranded RNA

A

yes

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23
Q

Does DNA have double-stranded and single stranded DNA

A

Yes

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24
Q

What is virus replication?

A

attachment, penetration, uncoating, release in large numbers, assembly and maturation and synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein

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25
Q

How are viruses classified?

A

the international committee on taxonomy of viruses

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26
Q

How are virsues transmitted?

A

direct contact, indirect, and common vehicle transmission

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27
Q

What is common vehicle transmission?

A

food borne or feces borne

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28
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

infection that is transferred from mother to embryo, newborn

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29
Q

How does one diagnose viruses?

A

gross evaluation and histopathology

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30
Q

How do you detect viruses?

A

cultivation and isolation on tissue culture or inoculation in eggs

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31
Q

What is serology of viruses?

A

ELISA, viral antigen to host antibody, florescent antibody staining and immunohistochemical staining

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32
Q

What is RT-PCR

A

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

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33
Q

How does one treat viral infections?

A

antiviral drugs, immune system stimulation

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34
Q

How does one prevent viral infections?

A

vaccinations, live attenuated, non-replicating, recombinant DNA, disinfectants and hygiene

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35
Q

What is an all in, all out management system?

A

animal houses are emptied, cleaned and disinfected between batches of animals

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36
Q

What is culling?

A

killing of animals to control viruses spread

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37
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

the ability of a virus to cause disease in a host

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38
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

manner of development of a disease

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39
Q

What is avirulent?

A

not harmful to the host

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40
Q

T or F: virulence is not an absolute property, but depends on many variables

A

True

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41
Q

What are factors related to a virus?

A

genetic variation, route of entry in host, affinity to host, dose of infection, immuno evasion

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42
Q

What are factors related to the host?

A

host species, host immunity, host physiological factors, fever

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43
Q

What are some other factors of virulence?

A

environment and dual infections

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44
Q

How does one measure a virus?

A

lethal dose 50: the dose of a virus required to cause death to 50% of animals

45
Q

What is a route of entry for a virus?

A

skin, transcutaneous injection, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract

46
Q

What is viremia?

A

presence of virus in the blood

47
Q

How does a virus spread into the bloodstream?

A

subepitheial tissue/ lymphatics and direct injection

48
Q

What is secondary viremia?

A

virus has replicated in major organs and once more entered into circulation

49
Q

What is a disseminated infection?

A

spreads beyond the primary site of infection

50
Q

What is a systemic infection?

A

number of organs and tissues are infected

51
Q

How does a viruses spread via nerves?

A

peripheral nerves, through receptor neurons, blood brain barrier

52
Q

What is a nuerotropic virus?

A

viruses that can infect neural cells

53
Q

What is tropism?

A

a affinity of a virus for a particular host tissue

54
Q

What is a pantropic virus?

A

can replicate in more than one host organ/tissue

55
Q

What is virus-cell interactions?

A

inhibition of host/cell nucleic acid or transcription
inhibition of protein synthesis
toxic viral infections
interference with cellular membrane function

56
Q

T or F: cell lysis following virus replication allows release of new viruses?

A

True

57
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

process of programmed cell death, cell suicide

58
Q

What is an oncovirus?

A

causes cancer

59
Q

What is a persistent infection of a virus?

A

not immediate death of a host cell, remain latent in host cell for long periods

60
Q

T or F: Viruses cause immunosupression?

A

True

61
Q

T or F: Shedding of infectious virons is crucial to the maintenance of infection in populations?

A

True

62
Q

T or F: acute infections is intensive shedding over short periods of time?

A

True

63
Q

T or F: persistent infections can shed at lower titers for months to years?

A

True

64
Q

What are warts?

A

benign skin growths that appear when a virus infects the top layer of the skin

65
Q

What is erythema?

A

reddening of the skin

66
Q

What does a virus in the respiratory tract cause?

A

inflammation
obstruction of air passages
hypoxia and respiratory distress

67
Q

What does a virus in the central nervous system cause?

A

bursting (lytic) infections of neurons
neuronal necrosis
killing of phagocytic cells
inflammatory cels around blood vessels

68
Q

What is progressive demyelination?

A

canine distemper, damaged nerve, scarred myelin

69
Q

What does damage to endothelium cause?

A

hemorrhages

70
Q

What is an teratogenic viruses?

A

cause developmental defects of embryo or fetus in utero infections

71
Q

What is the latent period of infectious disease?

A

microbe is replicating but not yet enough for the host to be infectious

72
Q

What is the incubation period of infectious disease?

A

microbe is replicating but host has no symptoms

73
Q

What is communicable disease?

A

disease caused by agent capable of transmission by direct, airborne or indirect routes from infected person, animal or plant

74
Q

What is a reservoir?

A

habitat in which infectious agent lives and grows

75
Q

T or F: pathogens can escape immunity so that animals become susceptible again?

A

True

76
Q

T or F: pathogens can evade immunity, allowing reinfection to occur after a short period of time

A

True

77
Q

T or F: all sick animals are reservoirs?

A

False

78
Q

What is vertical transmission of pathogens?

A

from host to its offspring, possibility through placenta or during parturition

79
Q

What is horizontal transmission of pathogens?

A

from reservoir to new host

direct and indirect

80
Q

What is a vehicle for pathogens?

A

inanimate object which serves to communicate disease

81
Q

What is a vector?

A

a living organism that serves to communicate disease

82
Q

What are fomites?

A

object that can be contaminated and transmit disease on a limited scale

83
Q

What is a mechanical vector?

A

agent does not multiply or undergo part of its life cycle while in vector

84
Q

What is a biological vector?

A

agent undergoes changes in vector

85
Q

What are determinants of emergence?

A

type of agent
host susceptibility
pathogenetic distance
contact frequency

86
Q

What is pathogenic adaption?

A

increased antibiotic resistance

increased virulence

87
Q

What factors increase transmission of a pathogen?

A

increasing abundance of host
increasing pathogen prevalence
increasing contact

88
Q

What is prevention of infectious disease?

A

inhibiting the introduction or establishment of a disease into an area, herd or individual

89
Q

T or F: Rinderpest is only animal disease that has been eradicated?

A

True

90
Q

What does eradication of a infectious disease involve?

A

complete elimination of the pathogen from a defined region

91
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

avoid occurrence of disease by health promotion or specific protection

92
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

primary prevention failed
minimize damage
early diagnosis

93
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

both primary and secondary failed

rehab

94
Q

What is farm biosecurity?

A

external ( leaving) and internal (spread)

all measures taken to minimize the risk of introduction and spread of agent

95
Q

What is the purchasing policy?

A

closed herd system
reduce number of new animals
vaccination and health status of new animals
quarantine new animals

96
Q

How does one remove infected individuals from a herd?

A

testing and slaughter

97
Q

What is mass therapy?

A

eliminate pathogen from herd

98
Q

What is biological control of an infection?

A

introducing a predator

99
Q

What is the difference between isolation and quarantine?

A

isolation is ill with disease

quarantine is exposed to disease

100
Q

What is chemoprophlaxis?

A

use of antimicrobal drugs

prevent infection

101
Q

What are the four W’s of immunization?

A

Where
When
Who
Why

102
Q

What are features of a safe vaccine?

A 
safe to use
effective against different strains
few side effects
low in cost
benefit outwieghs risk
103
Q

Where does the World Animal health publication come from?

A

world organization for animal health OIE

104
Q

What are sentinel labs?

A

direct contact with patients

105
Q

What is infected premises?

A

confirmed positive cases

infected zone surrounds this

106
Q

What is contact premises?

A

may have been exposed to infection

107
Q

What is a buffer zone?

A

surrounds infected zone

108
Q

What is one health?

A

healthy people, healthy environment, healthy animals

109
Q

How to protect livestock from wildlife?

A

separate livestock from wildlife
vector control
wildlife population control

PID (3 decks)

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