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POD 2 > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of a virus?

A

protein and nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)

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2
Q

What is the function of the protein capsid?

A

formed by capomers
protects nucleic acid
attachment of virus to cell surface receptors

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3
Q

What is an envelope?

A

lipid bilayer with protein spikes that function as antigens

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4
Q

What is an example of a big and small sized virus?

A

parvo-small

pox-big

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5
Q

What is unique about the helical shaped virus?

A

must have an envelope

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6
Q

Where are segmented genomes found?

A

RNA

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7
Q

What is a dsRNA virus?

A

reovirus

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8
Q

What is a ssDNA virus?

A

parvo

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9
Q

What is a monolayer?

A

normal growth that exhibits contact inhibition

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10
Q

What is neutral red staining?

A

stains viable cells without killing

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11
Q

What is a multilayer?

A

transformed by tumor virus to not exhibit contact inhibition

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12
Q

What is multiplicity of infection?

A

number of infectious virus particles added per cell to initiate infection

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13
Q

What is cytopathic effect and what are some examples?

A

what happens to the cell after infection

  • lysis
  • slow death
  • transformation
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14
Q

What is a plaque assay?

A

quantify lytic viruses by counting plaques (PFU)

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15
Q

How do you quantify tumor derived viruses?

A

focal points (FFU) because they changed monolayer into multilayer

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16
Q

What does hemagglutination measure?

A

infectious and noninfectious

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17
Q

How can infected cells be determined?

A

hemadsorption-heme attaching via viral proteins
immunofluorescence binds specifically
LD50

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18
Q

What is tropism?

A

specificity

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19
Q

What is viropexis?

A

phagocytic engulfment of virus

vacuole uncoats the capsid of the virus

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20
Q

What is fusion?

A

merging of lipid bilayers (helical must always undergo fusion)

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21
Q

What is the difference between early and late proteins?

A

early made before replication (enzymatic)

late made after replication (structural)

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22
Q

What are non-infectious progeny?

A

empty capsid

noncleaved-improper maturation

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23
Q

What is a defective interfering particle?

A

after high MOI some lack nucleic acid components, use helper virus to replicate and defective number increases because they outcompete the helper

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24
Q

What are examples of inclusion bodies?

A

Negri-rabies

Guarnieri-small pox

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25
Q

What are the subfamilies of herpes?

A

alpha-HSV, VZ
beta-CMV
gamma-EB

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26
Q

What is the structure of herpes?

A

dsDNA

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27
Q

How does herpes replicate?

A

a binds to a’ to form a circle

rolling circle forming concatmer

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28
Q

What is the receptor for herpes?

A

heparin sulfate

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29
Q

What are the different proteins?

A

alpha-regulatory
beta-enzymatic
gamma-structural

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30
Q

Where does assembly of herpes virus occur?

A

formation in nucleus

capsid passes through nuclear membrane

31
Q

What are the different serological types of herpes?

A

HSV1 for oral

HSV2 for genital

32
Q

What is the primary infection for HSV1?

A

gingivostomatitis-vesicular lesions in all parts of the oral cavity

33
Q

What are the differences in CNS involvement between neonate and adults?

A

viremia in neonates

adult-spead to temporal lobe and cause necrosis

34
Q

What ganglia do the herpes virus usually become latent in?

A

HSV1-trigeminal

HSV2-sacral

35
Q

What is a split vaccine?

A

purified for higher antigenicity

36
Q

How can you diagnose HSV?

A

Tzanck smear-look for inclusions

serological-PCR

37
Q

How do you treat HSV?

A

acyclovir-inhibits DNAP but requires viral kinase and cellular kinase
Foscarnet-binds to active site

38
Q

What does varicella look like?

A

crops of vesicular lesions

39
Q

What is Reye’s syndrome?

A

complication from administering aspirin to children

leads to hepatic failure

40
Q

What does shingles look like?

A

unilateral along a single dermatome

resides in DRG

41
Q

What are the two groups of picornavirus?

A

enterovirus-gut (acid stable)

rhinovirus-mouth (acid labile)

42
Q

What is the structure of picornavirus?

A

single strand non-segmented RNA
positive polarity
no envelope

43
Q

What is the cap of picornavirus?

A

Vpg at 5’ end

44
Q

How does picornavirus attach?

A

CD155, lose VP4

45
Q

What is the internal ribosome entry site?

A

essential for translation

46
Q

When can translation occur?

A

when Vpg is missing

47
Q

What is the product of 3D?

A

RNAP

48
Q

What is a replicative intermediate?

A

product in replication

ex. going from positive to negative to positive requires a negative intermediate

49
Q

What is the structure of orthomyxovirus?

A

ss negative RNA in 8 segments
envelope with 2 glycoproteins (HA and NA)
RNA dependent RNAP

50
Q

How does orthomyxovirus attach?

A

sialic acid via HA

51
Q

Where does the mRNA cap come from in orthomyxo?

A

donated from cellular mRNA in the nuclear phase

52
Q

Where do the HA and NA proteins accumulate?

A

in the golgi (came from the RER)

53
Q

What happens if HA is not cleaved?

A

non-infective

54
Q

What does NA play a role in?

A

budding of progeny

lowers mucus viscosity

55
Q

What is antigenic sing

A

strongest immuno response to first subtype

56
Q

What are the subfamilies within the retroviridae?

A

oncoviridae-tumor virus
lentivirus-slow virus
spumavirinae-human foamy retroviruses, found in striated muscles

57
Q

What is the structure of retroviruses?

A

helical nucleocapsid plus icoshedral or cylindrical outer capsid
carries RNA dependent DNAP, RNAse, integrase (in pol gene)

58
Q

What is the genome of retroviruses?

A

ssRNA, 2 identical 35 RNAs linked with cellular transfer RNA

59
Q

Where does replication take place?

A

cytoplasm and nucleus

60
Q

What is the provirus?

A

dsDNA that is integrated using integrase

transported to the cytoplasm

61
Q

What is the role of the long term repeat?

A

flanks the provirus

serve as reulatory protein sites

62
Q

What are the transcription products?

A

35 gag
28 env
21 onc

63
Q

What is unique about retroviruses?

A

can create progeny and transform

64
Q

What are the differences between chronic and acute leukemia?

A

chronic does not have an oncogene, has normal envelope

acute does have oncogene but lacks envelope (requires helper virus to supply the envelope)

65
Q

What are mechanisms of activating a proto-oncogene?

A

chemical carcinogen
insertion-LTR upregulate
translocation-enhancer in new location (Burkitts lymphoma)

66
Q

What is a tumor suppressor gene?

A

Retinoblastoma (phosphorylated state cell progresses to S phase)

67
Q

What transports CMV and EBV?

A

lymphocytes

68
Q

What is the inclusion body in CMV?

A

owl eye inclusion body

69
Q

What is the nucleic acid profile of CMV?

A

DNA and RNA

70
Q

What is cytomegalic inclusion disease?

A

congenital CMV infection

infects visceral organs

71
Q

What is the heterophile antibody test?

A

negative in CMV but positive in EBV

EBV reacts to random stuff including horse blood

72
Q

What are the torch infections?

A 
toxoplasmosis
other (listeria)
rubella
CMV
Herpes
73
Q

Where does EBV replicate?

A

in B cells, entry via CD21

74
Q

What are two diseases associated with EBV?

A

Burkitts lymphoma
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
(also oral hairy leukoplakia and Hodgkins lymphoma)

POD 2 (5 decks)

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