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POD 2 > Immuno/Path > Flashcards

Immuno/Path Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A 
mechanical-skin, mucosa
secretions-tears, saliva, bile, mucus
commensal bacteria
low pH-stomach and vagina
physical mechanisms
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2
Q

What aspects of the immune system are unique to extracellular bacteria?

A

can use opsonization and antibodies

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3
Q

What is the adaptive response to extracellular bacteria?

A

T cells become activated and release IFN gamma to activate macrophages; class switching

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4
Q

How can extracellular bacteria evade the immune system?

A

capsules

biofilms

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5
Q

What are two examples of blocking opsonization?

A

Protein A in staph

Protein G in strep

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6
Q

What is the process of innate immune system in intracellular bacteria?

A

release of IL12 to activate NK

NK release IFN gamma to activate the phagocyte

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7
Q

What is the adaptive response for intracellular bacteria?

A

CD4 cells release IFN to activate phagocyte

CD40L interacting with CD40

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8
Q

How are microbes eliminated?

A

reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates

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9
Q

What is an overactive response to extracellular bacteria?

A

abscess or septic shock (cytokine storm)

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10
Q

What is an overactive response to intracellular bacteria?

A

granuloma

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11
Q

What is the innate response to a virus?

A

IFN alpha and beta elicit antiviral properties in neighboring cells; NK cells recognize loss of MHC

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12
Q

What is the adaptive response to a virus?

A

killing by CD8 T cells

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13
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

reassortment that occurs quickly

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14
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

point mutation, occurs slowly to modify antigens

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15
Q

What is an overreaction to virus invasion?

A

cirrhosis in Hep B

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16
Q

What is the innate response to fungi?

A

neutrophils; release of IL-12; formation of NETS for hyphae

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17
Q

What is the adaptive response to fungi?

A

Th1 secrete IFN gamma

Th17 recruit neutrophils

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18
Q

What is an overreaction to fungi?

A

histoplasmosis

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19
Q

What does the innate system do to a parasitic infection?

A

slows the growth but does not eliminate

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20
Q

What is the primary response to helminth infection?

A

Th2

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21
Q

What is the primary response to protazoa infection?

A

Th1 via IFN

22
Q

What does IL 13 do?

A

increase cell turnover

increase mucus

23
Q

What does IL 5 do?

A

recruit eosinophils

24
Q

What does IgE do?

A

regulates mast cells and enhances mast cells

25
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

muscle contraction

26
Q

What is an overreaction to parasitic infection?

A

hepatosplenomegaly due to increase in size and number of macrophages

27
Q

What are the differences between acute and chronic inflammation?

A

acute-fast, neutrophils

chronic-slow, macrophages, monocytes, plasma cells

28
Q

What are the events of acute inflammation?

A

dilation
increase vascular permeability
leukocyte accumulation, migration of neutrophils

29
Q

What is in exudate?

A

high protein content, WBC, RBC may be present

30
Q

What is vascular stasis?

A

allows chemical mediator and inflammatory cells to collect and respond to the stimulus

31
Q

What happens in leukocyte recruitment?

A

rolling via selectins
firm adhesion with integrins
transmigration via PCAM

32
Q

What are the chemoattractants?

A

bacterial products n-formyl methionine and LPS
c5a
LTB4
IL8

33
Q

What is opsonziation?

A

increases phagocytosis via c3b and ic3b

34
Q

What are oxygen independent forms of degradation?

A 
lysosomal hydrolases
bactericidal
defensins
lactoferrin
lysozyme 
bactericidal proteins
elastase
35
Q

What are oxygen dependent forms of degradation?

A

superoxide formed via NADPH oxidase
hydrogen peroxide formed via superoxide
MPO forms HOCl from H2O2

36
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A 
calor
rubor
tumor
dolor
loss of function
37
Q

What are preformed endogenous mediators?

A

histamine and serotonin

38
Q

What are syntehsized endogenous mediators?

A

prostaglandin and leukotrienes

39
Q

What does histamine do?

A

vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation

40
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

vasodilation, pain, fever

41
Q

What do leukotrienes do?

A

increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion and activation

42
Q

What do cytokines do?

A

local for endothelial activation, systemic for fever

43
Q

What are the arachidonic acid derived mediators?

A 
prostaglandins
thromboxane 
leukotrienes
lipoxine
platelet activating factor
44
Q

What does corticosteroid inhibit?

A

phospholipases

45
Q

What do COX2 inhibitors inhibit?

A

thromboxane and prostaglandin

46
Q

What is formed from lipooxygenase?

A

LTB4-attract neutrophils

LTCDE4

47
Q

What is in serous fluid?

A

no cells

48
Q

What is in suppurative discharge?

A

neutrophils

49
Q

What are the layers of caseous granuloma?

A

inner-epitheliod cells, multinucleated
middle full of lymphocytes
outer-fibroblasts

50
Q

What is CRP?

A

marker for increased risk of MI or stroke

51
Q

What causes fever?

A

IL1, IL6, PGE2

52
Q

What is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

test for inflammation

fibrinogen binds to erythrocytes and causes them to form stacks

POD 2 (5 decks)

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