Immuno/Path

Question 1

What is the first line of defense?

Answer 1

mechanical-skin, mucosa
secretions-tears, saliva, bile, mucus
commensal bacteria
low pH-stomach and vagina
physical mechanisms

Question 2

What aspects of the immune system are unique to extracellular bacteria?

Answer 2

can use opsonization and antibodies

Question 3

What is the adaptive response to extracellular bacteria?

Answer 3

T cells become activated and release IFN gamma to activate macrophages; class switching

Question 4

How can extracellular bacteria evade the immune system?

Answer 4

capsules

biofilms

Question 5

What are two examples of blocking opsonization?

Answer 5

Protein A in staph

Protein G in strep

Question 6

What is the process of innate immune system in intracellular bacteria?

Answer 6

release of IL12 to activate NK

NK release IFN gamma to activate the phagocyte

Question 7

What is the adaptive response for intracellular bacteria?

Answer 7

CD4 cells release IFN to activate phagocyte

CD40L interacting with CD40

Question 8

How are microbes eliminated?

Answer 8

reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates

Question 9

What is an overactive response to extracellular bacteria?

Answer 9

abscess or septic shock (cytokine storm)

Question 10

What is an overactive response to intracellular bacteria?

Answer 10

granuloma

Question 11

What is the innate response to a virus?

Answer 11

IFN alpha and beta elicit antiviral properties in neighboring cells; NK cells recognize loss of MHC

Question 12

What is the adaptive response to a virus?

Answer 12

killing by CD8 T cells

Question 13

What is antigenic shift?

Answer 13

reassortment that occurs quickly

Question 14

What is antigenic drift?

Answer 14

point mutation, occurs slowly to modify antigens

Question 15

What is an overreaction to virus invasion?

Answer 15

cirrhosis in Hep B

Question 16

What is the innate response to fungi?

Answer 16

neutrophils; release of IL-12; formation of NETS for hyphae

Question 17

What is the adaptive response to fungi?

Answer 17

Th1 secrete IFN gamma

Th17 recruit neutrophils

Question 18

What is an overreaction to fungi?

Answer 18

histoplasmosis

Question 19

What does the innate system do to a parasitic infection?

Answer 19

slows the growth but does not eliminate

Question 20

What is the primary response to helminth infection?

Answer 20

Th2

Question 21

What is the primary response to protazoa infection?

Answer 21

Th1 via IFN

Question 22

What does IL 13 do?

Answer 22

increase cell turnover

increase mucus

Question 23

What does IL 5 do?

Answer 23

recruit eosinophils

Question 24

What does IgE do?

Answer 24

regulates mast cells and enhances mast cells

Question 25

What do mast cells do?

Answer 25

muscle contraction

Question 26

What is an overreaction to parasitic infection?

Answer 26

hepatosplenomegaly due to increase in size and number of macrophages

Question 27

What are the differences between acute and chronic inflammation?

Answer 27

acute-fast, neutrophils | chronic-slow, macrophages, monocytes, plasma cells

Question 28

What are the events of acute inflammation?

Answer 28

dilation increase vascular permeability leukocyte accumulation, migration of neutrophils

Question 29

What is in exudate?

Answer 29

high protein content, WBC, RBC may be present

Question 30

What is vascular stasis?

Answer 30

allows chemical mediator and inflammatory cells to collect and respond to the stimulus

Question 31

What happens in leukocyte recruitment?

Answer 31

rolling via selectins firm adhesion with integrins transmigration via PCAM

Question 32

What are the chemoattractants?

Answer 32

bacterial products n-formyl methionine and LPS c5a LTB4 IL8

Question 33

What is opsonziation?

Answer 33

increases phagocytosis via c3b and ic3b

Question 34

What are oxygen independent forms of degradation?

Answer 34

``` lysosomal hydrolases bactericidal defensins lactoferrin lysozyme bactericidal proteins elastase ```

Question 35

What are oxygen dependent forms of degradation?

Answer 35

superoxide formed via NADPH oxidase hydrogen peroxide formed via superoxide MPO forms HOCl from H2O2

Question 36

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 36

``` calor rubor tumor dolor loss of function ```

Question 37

What are preformed endogenous mediators?

Answer 37

histamine and serotonin

Question 38

What are syntehsized endogenous mediators?

Answer 38

prostaglandin and leukotrienes

Question 39

What does histamine do?

Answer 39

vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation

Question 40

What do prostaglandins do?

Answer 40

vasodilation, pain, fever

Question 41

What do leukotrienes do?

Answer 41

increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion and activation

Question 42

What do cytokines do?

Answer 42

local for endothelial activation, systemic for fever

Question 43

What are the arachidonic acid derived mediators?

Answer 43

``` prostaglandins thromboxane leukotrienes lipoxine platelet activating factor ```

Question 44

What does corticosteroid inhibit?

Answer 44

phospholipases

Question 45

What do COX2 inhibitors inhibit?

Answer 45

thromboxane and prostaglandin

Question 46

What is formed from lipooxygenase?

Answer 46

LTB4-attract neutrophils | LTCDE4

Question 47

What is in serous fluid?

Answer 47

no cells

Question 48

What is in suppurative discharge?

Answer 48

neutrophils

Question 49

What are the layers of caseous granuloma?

Answer 49

inner-epitheliod cells, multinucleated middle full of lymphocytes outer-fibroblasts

Question 50

What is CRP?

Answer 50

marker for increased risk of MI or stroke

Question 51

What causes fever?

Answer 51

IL1, IL6, PGE2

Question 52

What is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

Answer 52

test for inflammation | fibrinogen binds to erythrocytes and causes them to form stacks