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POD: Exam 3 > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Gingivostomatitis

A

Vesicular lesions found all around the oral cavity caused by HSV-1

*Also assoc. w/ keratitis and eczema herpeticum

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2
Q

HSV-2

A

Causes painful lymphadenopathy along w/ vesicles in the genital region

  • Remains latent in the sacral ganglia
  • Common cause of aseptic meningitis
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3
Q

HSV-1

A

After primary transmission via oral secretions, lies dormant in the trigeminal ganglion

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4
Q

Prevention of neonatal HSV-2

A

Perform C-section to avoid contact

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5
Q

Neuropathies assoc. w/ HSV

A

Bell’s Palsy (Drooping face, drooling, some loss of tastes, Hyperacusis)

Trigeminal neuralgia

Temporal lobe epilepsy

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6
Q

Tzanck Smear

A

Method used to diagnose herpes by scraping a lesion and examining the cells for nuclear inclusions

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7
Q

Why do recurrent infxns occur w/ HSV?

A

Virus lies latent in the nervous system sequestered away from immune system

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8
Q

Potential complications of VZV

A

Encephalitis (children), hemorrhagic varicella, calcified nodules on x-ray

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9
Q

REYES Syndrome

A

Can occur in children w/ VZV if given aspirin

=»Hepatic failure and encephalopathy

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10
Q

Primary Varicella Infection

A

Acquired thru respiratory transmission =»vesicular, non-umbilicated lesions that are NOT contagious

-2 week incubation period assoc. w/ fever

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11
Q

Herpes Zoster Virus (Shingles)

A

Reactivated VZV in IC/old patients; will see rash affecting one dermatome on the patient

*Resides in the DRG of the affected dermatome; usually thoracic

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12
Q

Zoster Immune Globulin

A

Passive, pre-pooled IG given to immunosuppressed pts. w/ a known exposure to VZV

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13
Q

VARIVAX

A

Single antigen vaccine; live-attenuated

*MMRV also available

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14
Q

Zostavax

A

Given to unimmunized pts. >60 years =» decreased likelihood of VZV infxn

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15
Q

Treatment options for VZV

A

Acyclovir/Valacyclovir

Adenine arabinoside (IC pts.)

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16
Q

General picornaviridae characteristics

A

ssRNA (+), naked

Capsid includes 4 proteins: VP1-VP4
-Acid-stabile => Enterovirus Acid-labile =» Rhinovirus

  • Enteroviruses (Coxsackie) capable of causing paralytic polio and meningitis
  • Class also includes HAV
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17
Q

Picornaviradae Infection

A

Attachment: Penetrates via viropexis after attaching to PVR (CD 155) and losing VP4

Uncoating: Occurs in cytoplasm after VP1-VP3 are removed

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18
Q

IRES

A

Internal Ribosomal Entry Site

Facilitates the translation of picornaviradae and found near the VPg area

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19
Q

P123

A

Initial polyprotein formed by picornaviradae

-Is cleaved into three parts

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20
Q

Picornaviridae translation

A

RNA W/O VPg forms VP0, VP3, and VP1

=»VP0 is cleaved into VP2 and VP4 which all combine to form the nucleocapsid that harbors the replicated mRNA (+) molecule w/ a VPg cap

21
Q

Picornaviridae replication

A

Begins w/ an mRNA molecule w/ a VPg cap and utilizes VP3D (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and Hf) to form…

=»Replicative intermediates; (-) mRNA used to form the (+)mRNA virus

22
Q

Negative Selection of thymocytes

A
  • Mediated by DC, macrophage, and thymic medullary epithelial cells in the corticomedullary jnxn
  • Mostly occurs in the double-positive stage
23
Q

Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome (APS)

A

Mutation in the AIRE gene =» leakage in negative selection leading to leakage of self-reactive thymocytes

-Primarily damages parathyroid, pancreatic islets, and adrenal glands

24
Q

B-cell tolerance

A
  1. High reactivity w/ self-Ag =» expression of Rag1 and Rag 2 causing the rearrangement of the k-light chains of the BCR
  2. Clonal deletion
    * Tolerance to low-affinity self-Ags occurs thru anergy
25
Q

General properties of Herpetoviridae

A

Double-stranded, icosahedral, enveloped, and linear

  • Can be seen in cells during the first 7 days, after, the HSV DNA is only present in cells
  • Antibodies from subunit (split) vaccination are protective in nature and cell-mediated immunity is most important in recovery
26
Q

General Orthomyxoviridae characteristics

A

ss(-)RNA, has either 8 segments (Influenza A, B) or 6 segments (C)

  • Helical nucleocapsid contains NP, PB1, PB2, and PA
  • Envelope contains H and NA
  • RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is PB1, PB2, and PA; all part of the nucleocapsid
27
Q

Orthomyxoviridae Penetration

A

Attachment: Attaches to sialic acid via hemagluttinin and fuses its envelope w/ the cell membrane

=»Taken into vacuole where acidic environment removes the nucleocapsid

*Travels to the nucleus where transcription and replication occurs (only RNA virus to do this)

28
Q

Influenza Protein Translation

A

Viral mRNAs produced in the nucleus are shorter than their (-)RNA templates and include a poly-A tail and a donated cellular cap

29
Q

Influenza Proteins synthesized in the rough ER

A

H and NA; these proteins are then transported to the cell membrane where the virus picks them up when it buds out of the cell

*H protein must be proteolytically cleaved by NA to produce an infectious particle; NA also used to lower viscosity of extracellular mucous

30
Q

Influenza antigen that is the major antigenic variation and responsible for shift

A

H-antigen

31
Q

Viral Designations

A

Type of Influenza/Location of isolation/Date isolated

Example: A/Victoria/3/75

32
Q

Oncornovirinae

A

Tumorigenic retrovirus

33
Q

Lentivirinae

A

Slow retrovirus related to AIDS

34
Q

Spumavirinae

A

Cause of Human Foamy Virus; progressive neurodegenerative disease

35
Q

General characteristics of retroviridae

A

ss(+)RNA; DIPLOID (contains 2 35s mRNAs); helical nucleocapsid and a icosahedral or cylindrical outercapsid

-Contains Reverse Transcriptase, DNA polymerase, RNAse, H, and integrase

36
Q

Retroviridae RNA Genome

A

GAG-Pol-Env-ONC

  • Chronic leukemias lack ONC
  • Acute leukemia/sarcoma lacks Env
37
Q

Retrovirinae replication

A

RT forms a (-)ssDNA and DNA polymerase forms a (+)ssDNA provirus that is transported to the nucleus

=»Integrated into the host DNA via integrase

*RT is very error prone leading to a large number of mutations; makes HIV-1 hard to cure

38
Q

LTR

A

Long-tandem Repeats; regulatory regions on the ends of retroviridae proviruses

39
Q

Polyprotein mRNAs yielded from retroviridae transcription

A
  1. 35s mRNA: GAG-Pol polyprotein
  2. 28s mRNA: Env polyprotein
  3. 21s mRNA: ONC protein in acute leukemia/sarcoma virus
    * PRO gene encodes protease which cuts these polyproteins
40
Q

Chronic Leukemia Virus characteristics

A
  1. Produce no transformation in vitro
  2. Contains no SRC/oncogene
  3. Produces leukemia by activating protooncogene in vivo
  4. Contains Env
41
Q

Acute Leukemia/Sarcoma characteristics

A
  1. Transforms cells AND produces virus in vitro
  2. SRC/Oncogene present
  3. Produces sarcomas in vivo
  4. Defective for Env gene
  5. Requires helper virus for replication (chronic leukemia virus provides materials for envelope)
42
Q

Modes of protooncogene activation

A
  1. Chemical carcinogens =» Mutation in TSGs
  2. Insertion of a leukemia provirus near a protooncogene
  3. Translocation of protooncogenes
  4. Introduction of oncogene via acute leukemia/sarcoma virus
43
Q

Vinculin

A

Molecule that binds actin to the cytoplasmic membrane BUT when phosphorylated by a mutated process leads to disorganized cell growth

44
Q

E7 of HPV-16

A

Binds to RB producing unregulated cell growth

45
Q

Immunity important in recovery from HSV

A

Cellular

46
Q

Protein 3D

A

Formed from protein product P3 in Picornaviridae and consists of RNA dependent-RNA polymerase and Hf

47
Q

B27 HLA Alelle

A

Strongest association w/ AI disease

=»Ankylosing spondylitis

48
Q

What encodes the Integrase gene in Retrovirinae?

A

Pol gene

49
Q

What does GAG code for in Retrovirinae?

A

4 internal capsid proteins

POD: Exam 3 (2 decks)

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