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Medicine I > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Virus characteristics

A

no membrane bound organelles; cannot make own proteins or energy, requires host cell to reproduce; categorized as either DNA or RNA virus

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2
Q

Virus structure

A

Have protein coat (capsid); have DNA or RNA internally; sometimes have lipoprotein envelope external to protein coat

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3
Q

Stages of Viral infection

A

Incubation period (pt asymptomatic) -> Prodromal period (nonspecific symptoms) -> Specific-illness period (characteristic signs and symptoms present) -> Recovery period (illness wanes)

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4
Q

Viral pathogenesis

A

Transmission (virus enters host), Replication (also damages cells), Spread, Immune system response (destroys host cells sometimes increasing symptom severity due to cell breakdown), Persistence (vrius remains but is dormant)

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5
Q

DNA Virus Subgroups

A

dsDNA (double stranded DNA) - may be enveloped or naked
ssDNA (single stranded DNA) - naked

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6
Q

RNA Virus Subgroups

A

ssRNA (single stranded DNA) - further broken up by polarity (+ or -)
positive may be naked/envelope
negative are always enveloped
dsRNA (double stranded RNA) - may also be + or - for polarity; always naked; only Reovirus

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7
Q

Effects of Viral Infection

A

Deaths, fusion of cells to form multinucleated cells, malignant transformation, and no apparent change

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8
Q

How viral symptoms are caused by cell killing

A

Macromolecular synthesis inhibition in infected cells results in s+s; death of viral cells results in loss of function of those cells and additional symptoms

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9
Q

Herpesvirus genome type

A

DNA

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10
Q

Adenovirus genome type

A

DNA

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11
Q

Poxviruses genome type

A

DNA

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12
Q

HPV (Human papillomavirus) genome type

A

DNA

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13
Q

EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) genome type

A

DNA

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14
Q

Parvovirus B19 genome type

A

DNA

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15
Q

Rhinovirus genome type

A

DNA

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16
Q

Influenza genome type

A

RNA

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17
Q

Enterovirus genome type

A

RNA

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18
Q

Measles genome type

A

RNA

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19
Q

Mumps genome type

A

RNA

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20
Q

Parainfluenza genome type

A

RNA

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21
Q

RSV (Respiratory Syncytial virus) genome type

A

RNA

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22
Q

Coronavirus genome type

A

RNA

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23
Q

Hepatitis genome type

A

RNA

24
Q

Ebola genome type

A

RNA

25
Q

Rubella genome type

A

RNA

26
Q

Norovirus genome type

A

RNA

27
Q

Rotavirus genome type

A

RNA

28
Q

Rabies genome type

A

RNA

29
Q

HIV genome type

A

RNA

30
Q

Aboviruses genome type

A

mostly RNA

31
Q

Main ways viruses avoid host defenses

A

Synthesis of receptors for immune system mediators
reduction of expression of MHC1 proteins (avoiding T cells)
inhibition of interferon synthesis and action

32
Q

Herpesvirus

A

Two types: HSV-1 (above waist) and HSV-2 (below waist)

33
Q

Adenovirus

A

Upper/lower respiratory tract infection mostly
Transmitted by aerosol droplet, fecal-oral route, direct contact via fingers

34
Q

Poxvirus

A

Transmission - respiratory aerosol, direct contact via contact w skin lesion or fomite such as bleeding
Clinical findings - fever, malaise, rash which is worst on face and extremities
includes Molluscum Contagiosum

35
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A

Transmission - skin/skin contact, genital contact, via microabrasions in skin
Most common STI in US
HPV - many types; cause symptoms ranging from benign tumors, genital warts, premalignant lesions, carcinomas of cervix, penus, anus, and oral cancer

36
Q

Influenza

A

Transmission - airborne respiratory droplets
Upper/lower respiratory tract infection
Rarely causes Reye’s syndrome which causes life-threatening encephalopathy and liver degeneration in children

37
Q

Enterovirus

A
38
Q

Measles virus

A

Transmissions - respiratory droplets by coughing/sneezing
Primarily in childhood
Distinct rash including Koplik’s spots (bright red lesions with white central dot on buccal mucosa), spreads to face and down body

39
Q

Mumps virus

A

Transmitted via respiratory droplets (most during Winter)
Mostly upper respiratory tract infections, but also parotid glands, testes, ovaries, pancreas, meninges
Can cause orchitis in post pubertal makes (resulting in sterility)
NO RASH

40
Q

Parainfluenza

A

Transmitted via respiratory droplets
Can cause croup in children under five
Generally upper/lower resp infections

41
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

A

Transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact via contaminated hands with mucosal membrane
RSV - most severe in infants affecting lower respiratory tract

42
Q

Coronavirus

A

Transmitted via respiratory droplets primarily and direct contact via contaminated hands w mucosal membrane
Wide range in symptom severity
SARS-CoV can cause penumonia resulting in hypoxia, higher severity symptoms
SARS, MERS varieties

43
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

A

Transmission - primarily sexual contact, also transfer of blood, mother to neonate via placenta, birth canal, breast milk
Acute, late, immunodeficiency stages (AIDS)

44
Q

Epstein-Barr Virus

A

Transmitted via respiratory secretions + saliva
Can cause mononucleosis (mono), associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma
Type of herpes

45
Q

Hepatitis A (HAV)

A

Subtype of hepatitis virus
Transmitted via fecal-oral route
Affects children most, but they are not normally symptomatic
Virus replicates in GI tract before spreading in liver and infecting hepatocytes, cytotoxic T cells (which attack hepatocytes)

46
Q

Hepatitis B (HBV)

A

Subtype of hepatitis virus
Transmitted via blood, sexual intercourse, and perinatally from mother to newborn
Often asymptomatic but if symptomatic may become chronic and lead to cirrhosis of liver follwed by death
Can be managed but not cured

47
Q

Hepatitis C (HCV)

A

Subtype of hepatitis virus
Transmitted through blood-IV drug use for most new infections, also perinatally from mother to child, needle stick injuries
Often asymptomatic, but 50% become chronic infections
Infects hepatocytes and predisposed people to hepatocellcular carcinoma (HCC)

48
Q

Hepatitis

A

Many subtypes - A-G
Transmitted variably, often either fecal-oral or blood
All subtypes attack liver mostly

49
Q

Ebola

A

Transmitted via blood and bodily fluids
Causes hemorrhagic fever which is extremely virulent
Pathogenesis progresses to bleeding in skin and GI tract, followed by shock and organ failure
90% mortality rate, survivors often left with severe sequeliae

50
Q

Rubella

A

Transmitted via respiratory droplers and mother to fetus via placenta
Characterized by congenital malformations
Major concern for pregnant women due to risk to fetus
Distinct maculopapular rash starting on face and moving down to extremities

51
Q

Parvovirus

A

Transmitted via respiratory route, placenta, blood transfusions
Can cause erythema infetiosum (slapped cheek syndrome), aplastic anemia, fetal infections, arthritis in adult women

52
Q

Rhinovirus

A

Transmitted via droplets of cough/sneeze, indirectly contaminated surfaces come in contact with mucosal membranes
Main cause of common cold
Generally upper respiratory infections

53
Q

Norovirus

A

Transmission via fecal-oral route, ingestion of contaminated seafood/water
Common cause of diarrhea, gastroenteritis
(common cause of food poisoning)

54
Q

Rotavirus

A

Transmitted via fecal-oral route
Common cause of viral gastroenteritis in young children
Puts children at risk of dehydration due to excessive nonbloody diarrhea
Other symptoms - nausea, vomiting

55
Q

Rabies virus

A

Transmitted via bite of rabid animal (virus in saliva of rabid animal)
Multiplies locally at bite site
Characterized by encephalitis

56
Q

Arboviruses

A

Transmitted via insect vector biting
Mosquito and tick viruses
Generally asymptomatic, but may become very severe
Severe symptoms - encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever, fever w myalgia, arthralgia, non hemorrhagic rash

57
Q
A

Medicine I (4 decks)

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