Intro to Pathophys etc., Cellular Phys etc.,

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

study of structural changes in cell, tissues, and organs caused by disease

Question 2

Pathogenesis

Answer 2

process through which disease develops; ex: exposure to bacteria, inflammation, malignancy and tissue breakdown; multiple causes are common for most diseases

Question 3

Etiology

Answer 3

Disease cause; biologic agents, physical forces, chemical agents, hereditary factors, nutritional excess/deficit; often multifactorial

Question 4

Congenital

Answer 4

condition present at birth

Question 5

Idiopathic

Answer 5

disease of unknown cause

Question 6

Iatrogenic

Answer 6

Disease related to tx/medical intervention; more commonly associated with physical interventions

Question 7

Nosocomial

Answer 7

Disease originating in hospital/ tx setting; more often used to describe infections

Question 8

Disease

Answer 8

acute or chronic illness one acquires or is born with that causes physiologic dysfunction of 1+ body systems

Question 9

Diagnosis

Answer 9

identification of a disease based on signs and symptoms; assisted by history, physical exam

Question 10

Prognosis

Answer 10

expectation of disease course; probably outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease

Question 11

Clinical manifestations

Answer 11

how a disease shows itself in a patient (signs+symptoms)

Question 12

Complication

Answer 12

Adverse event during disease course/tx; ex: stroke resulting from HTN

Question 13

Sequelae

Answer 13

Result/consequences of previous disease or injury

Question 14

Symptoms

Answer 14

subjective findings (patient reporting)

Question 15

Signs

Answer 15

objective findings (what provider sees; lab results)

Question 16

Lipid - role as plasma membrane component

Answer 16

forms majority of plasma membrane as lipid bilayer

Question 17

Carbohydrates - role as plasma membrane component

Answer 17

binds with lipids to form glycolipids, proteins to form glycoproteins; involved with intercellular recognition

Question 18

Proteins - role as plasma membrane component

Answer 18

Serve as receptors, enzymes, transporters

Question 19

Contact signaling by plasma-membrane bound receptors

Answer 19

Form of intercellular communication in which signaling molecule from one cell binds to the membrane-bound receptor of another cell

Question 20

Remote signaling by secreted molecules

Answer 20

Form of intercellular communication in which signaling molecule from one cell enters another to bind to an intracellular receptor protein

Question 21

Contact signaling via gap junctions

Answer 21

Form of intercellular communication in which proteins and structures are moved directly through gap junctions shared by two cells to influence activity in an adjacent cell

Question 22

Passive transport

Answer 22

movement of water, uncharged molecules through semipermeable membrane w/o use of energy

Question 23

Active transport

Answer 23

movement of molecules through receptors specific to the molecules they move, they recognize and bind; uses energy

Question 24

Diffusion

Answer 24

solutes molecules move from high to low concentration

Question 25

Filtration

Answer 25

movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of greater force on one side of a membrane

Question 26

Osmosis

Answer 26

Solvent molecules move from low to high solute concentration

Question 27

Osmolality

Answer 27

measure of the number of milliosmoles per kg of water (conc. of molecules / weight of water)

Question 28

Osmolarity

Answer 28

measure of the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution (conc. or molecules / volume of solution)

Question 29

Osmotic pressure

Answer 29

amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water

Question 30

Oncotic pressure

Answer 30

osmotic pressure specifically caused by the presence of proteins in an area; draw water into area of high conc. (ex: occurs with albumin)

Question 31

Atrophy

Answer 31

type of adaptation; Cell shrinking to function more efficiently, result of decreased work load or adverse environmental factor

Question 32

Hypertrophy

Answer 32

type of adaptation; cell enlargement due to increase works load; increase functioning tissue mass

Question 33

Hyperplasia

Answer 33

increase in # of cells in tissues/organs, only occur in cells capable of mitosis; controlled process, often positive

Question 34

Dysplasia

Answer 34

inconsistent cell growth resulting in varied cell size/shape/organization; not organized or useful; strong precursor to cancer

Question 35

Metaplasia

Answer 35

one cell type replaces another due to chronic irritation/inflammation; possibly precancerous; reversible; ex: tracheal cells in smoker often become columnar variety

Question 36

ATP depletion

Answer 36

form of cellular injury; loss of mitochrondrial ATP/decreased ATP synthesis; broadly reduces plasma membrane integrity due to decreased protein synthesis, decreased membrane transport; lipogenesis; tied to ischemia which causes hypoxia in the cells; progresses to anoxia

Question 37

Free radicals

Answer 37

form of cellular injury; membrane damage caused by free radicals; often in the case of excess ROS (reactive oxygen species); results in oxidative stress; closely tied to reperfusion injuries as well as ischemic disorders of a broad range of organs/tissues

Question 38

Calcium-related

Answer 38

form of cellular injury induced by ischemia or chemical exposure causing increase in calcium levels in cytosol; positive feedback loops as ^calcium in cytosol leads to more plasma membrane damage

Question 39

Membrane permeability defects

Answer 39

form of cellular injury; result of all forms of cell injury; loss of selectivity of membrane permeability

Question 40

Water accumulation effect

Answer 40

Swelling if cells; associated with failure of metabolism and loss of ATP production

Question 41

Carbohydrate accumulation effect

Answer 41

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs); lysosomal storage diseases? lysosomes store carbs

Question 42

Lipid accumulation effect

Answer 42

mucolipidoses, MLs (in the case of carb accumulation as well); lysosomal storage diseases due to lysosomes being responsible for lipid storage; major issue in liver cells

Question 43

Protein accumulation effect

Answer 43

cell damage due to enzymes being released from lysosomes; organelle dysfunction; intracellular communication issues due to protein crowding; mainly issue in epithelial cells of rental convoluted tubule

Question 44

Pigment accumulation

Answer 44

Normal/abnormal; endogenous or exogenous, endogenous is melanin, blood proteins; exogenous is carbon (coal dust), tattoo ink?

Question 45

Systemic manifestations of cellular injury

Answer 45

fever, increased heart rate, increased leukocyte count, pain, presence of cellular enzymes in ECF, lactate dehydrogenase in blood, creatine kinase release, aspartate aminotransferase release, alanine aminotransferase release, alkaline phosphatase release, amylase release, aldolase release, troponins release

Question 46

Necrosis

Answer 46

Pathological cause; unregulated enzymatic destruction, loss of cell membrane integrity, major inflammatory response

Question 47

Apoptosis

Answer 47

normal cellular process (as in menses), genetically programmeed death, minimal inflammation controlled; rarely dysregulated (in case of cancer, autoimmune disorder, neurodegenerative disorder, ischemic injury)