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Microbiology > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Viruses differ from living cells in what 3 ways

A

acellular organization
has either DNA or RNA not both
can not produce independently of living cells

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2
Q

the combination of nucleic acid and a capsid is referred to as…

A

nucleocapsid

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3
Q

If a virus has only a protein capsid covering, it is termed a…

A

naked capsid virus

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4
Q

some viruses contain an additional component called an envelope which is derived from…

A

host cell

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5
Q

why aren’t enveloped viruses stable?

A

destroyed by stomach acid

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6
Q

what are the effects of viral infection on cells?

A

direct damage of host cells
host defense mechanisms

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7
Q

viral pathogenicity can cause syncytia which is?

A

giant cell formation

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8
Q

list the cytopathic effect of viruses

A

cell death
syncytia
roudnign up of cells (change function)
piling up of cells (cancer)
inclusion bodies

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9
Q

viral CPE piling up of cells result in warts

A

warts

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10
Q

What is the life cycle of viruses

A

recognition
attachment
penetration

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11
Q

what do naked viruses and enveloped viruses use for for attachment?

A

capsid protein
viral proteins on membrane envelope

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12
Q

How do naked capsids attach and penetrate cells?

A

direct penetration or endocytosis

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13
Q

How do enveloped virus attach and penetrate cells?

A

membrane fusion or endocytosis

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14
Q

this part of the life cycle involves the removal of capsid proteins, usually carried by cellular enzymes that chew off the viral coat by lysosome fusion

A

uncoating

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15
Q

this part of the viral life cycle makes mRNA which can be recognized by host ribosomes

A

mRNA transciption

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16
Q

this part of the viral life cycle happens in the cytoplasm; both types of viruses use cellular ribosomes and the rest of the host cell protein synthetic machinery

A

protein synthesis

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17
Q

replication of DNA virus occurs wher?

A

nucleus

18
Q

replication of RNA virus occurs where?

A

this part of the viral life cycle is where nucleic acid and capsid protein come together and undergo self-assembly which is a spontaneous process

19
Q

How does the release step of the viral life cycle occur in enveloped viruses?

A

budding
reverse membrane fussion

20
Q

How does the release step of the viral life cycle occur in naked capsid viruses?

A

lysis
host cell breaks open and releases viral particles

21
Q

how do viruses spread throughout the body?

A

replicate at site of entry
viremia (spread into blood)
target organ

22
Q

after exposure to the virus we are ASYMPTOMATIC until the virus reaches…

A

target organ and cause symptoms

23
Q

this is the amount of time between infection with a virus or bacteria to the beginnings of the symptoms

A

incubation period

24
Q

what does the incubation of viral disease depend on?

A

distance between site of infection and target organ
growth rate of the virus

25
Q

What is used by the host as a defense mechanism against viral infection?

A

interferon

26
Q

What are the 3 types of interferons in humans

A

alpha
beta
gamma

27
Q

this interferon is produce by PMNs and macrophages

A

alpha

28
Q

this interferon is produced by fibroblast

A

beta

29
Q

this interferon is produced by CD4 T cells

A

gamma

30
Q

what do interferon do?

A

degrades RNA
inhibit protein synthesis

31
Q

What are the humoral responses to virus?

A

antibody response
opsonization
complex fixation

32
Q

this humoral response renders the virus harmless

A

neutralizing antibodies

33
Q

this humoral response enhances phagocytosis

A

opsonization

34
Q

this humoral response activates the complement cascade using C3b

A

complex fixation

35
Q

the cells recognize new viral antigens and produces cytokines that activate B cels to release neutralizing antiviral antibodies

A

CD4 T cells (T helper cells)

36
Q

recognize virus-infected host cells and release cytotoxic components which lyses the virus-infected cells specifically

A

Killer T cells

37
Q

The term ‘vaccine derives from ______ 1796b use of cowpox

A

Edward Jenner

38
Q

this virus is made by passaging the virus in chicken eggs or tissue culture until they lose virulence but retain antigenic determinants

A

live attenuated vaccine

39
Q

viruses killed by formalin or heat
do not provided good antigenic stimulation, because immunity is not long lived NEED BOOSTER SHOTS

A

killed vaccine

40
Q

this vaccine is when one antigen representing different viruses and b synthesized together

A

recombinant vaccine

41
Q

This vaccine is when nucleic acid is introduced onto patient and cells express the gene product which stimulates the immune system

A

DNA/RNA vaccines

Microbiology (7 decks)

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