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NAVLE > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Canine parvovirus-2

A

NON-enveloped (persists in environment)
Dogs >7 weeks and <1 year of age
Infects bone marrow and crypt cells (rapidly dividing) - neutropenia and hemorrhagic diarrhea
Myocarditis if infected in utero/shortly after birth (prevented by maternal antibody protection)
Intestinal hypermotility can cause intussusception
Point-of-care ELISA antiGEN test
CORE vaccine

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2
Q

Feline panleukopenia (feline parvovirus)

A

NON-enveloped (persists in environment)
Infects bone marrow and intestinal epithelial cells (rapidly dividing)
Vomiting/diarrhea, neutropenia, fever, abdominal pain
Can use canine parvovirus ELISA antigen test for diagnosis
CORE vaccine
If pregnant queen is vaccinated (MLV) or infected in 2nd or 3rd trimester –> cerebellar hypoplasia

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3
Q

Feline infectious peritonitis virus

A

Mutated feline enteric coronavirus –> tropism for macrophages
Mutation more likely in YOUNG cats
Immune response determines disease: strong cell-mediated response clears the infection, strong humoral response causes WET (effusive) form, modest cell-mediated response causes DRY (granulomatous) form
Fever, ascites, uveitis, neurologic signs, weight loss, pleural effusion, GI signs
Lymphopenia, band neutrophils, hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia
Rivalta test- high negative predictive value
RT-PCR on effusion (wet form)
Pyogranulomatous inflammation centered on vessels (dry form)
Antibody test does NOT differentiate from feline enteric coronavirus
Remdesivir

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4
Q

Canine distemper virus

A

Highly contagious (aerosol), shedding can persist for 60-90 days
Most common in puppies between 3 and 6 months of age
Epitheliotropic (respiratory, GI) and neurotrophic
Respiratory (nasal discharge, cough), gastrointestinal (v/d), and ocular signs (conjunctivitis, KCS, uveitis, chorioretinitis) usually occur first, followed by neurologic (myoclonus, “chewing gum” fits, nystagmus, seizures, etc.) and dermal/dental signs (hyperkeratosis of nose and food pads, enamel hypoplasia)
Intracytoplasmic inclusions on blood smear (rare), serologic assays best on CSF (IgM), other diagnostics
CORE vaccine

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5
Q

Bovine viral diarrhea virus

A

Type I (a and B) and type II genotypes
Noncytopathic&raquo_space; cytopathic biotypes
Calves infected in utero may have microphthalmia, congenital cataracts, or cerebellar hypoplasia
Acute infection- subclinical, respiratory disease, reproductive disease (BRDC), hemorrhagic disease, immunosuppressive disease (several manifestations), gastrointestinal disease (bloody diarrhea, mucosal erosions)
Persistent infection- infection with non-cytopathic type occurs between days 45 and 125 of gestation
PI calves are main reservoir of infection
Mucosal disease occurs when PI calf is exposed to cytopathic type: acute- ulcers/erosions on oral mucosa and throughout GI tract, necrosis of Peyer’s patches; chronic- intermittent diarrhea and wasting
Vaccine available
Ear notch immunohistochemistry for PI calves, paired serum samples

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6
Q

Blue tongue virus

A

NON-enveloped (persists in environment)
Transmitted via Culicoides sp.
Cattle serve as reservoir (minimal clinical disease)
Disease in sheep characterized by vasculitis that results in thrombosis, hemorrhage, and DIC
Lesions include edema of face/lips/gums and cyanosis of the tongue

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7
Q

Border disease virus

A

NON-enveloped (persists in environment)
Common in sheep worldwide, also affects cattle, goats, and pigs
Reproductive disease - abortion due to necrotizing placentitis, persistently-infected lambs (weak, tremors, long hair coat, short bones; “hairy shaker lambs”)
PI sheep are reservoir
No vaccine available

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8
Q

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus

A

Coronavirus
Disease causes vomiting and diarrhea due to villous atrophy (thin-walled intestine)
Vaccination

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9
Q

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

A

Coronavirus (villous atrophy)
Highly contagious, high morbidity and mortality (100% in pigs <3 weeks of age)
Disease causes vomiting and diarrhea (in all ages) due to villous atrophy (thin-walled intestine)

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10
Q

Canine adenovirus type-1 (infectious canine hepatitis)

A

NON-enveloped (persists in environment)
Shed in urine and oculonasal discharge
Damages hepatocytes and vascular endothelial cells (both will have intranuclear inclusion bodies)
Upper respiratory signs, corneal edema (“blue eye”), fever, hepatitis, v/d, edema of the head and neck, icterus, glomerulonephritis
Often fatal in young puppies
Vaccine for related adenovirus type-2 is CORE vaccine and provides cross-protection

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11
Q

Infectious bursal disease virus

A

Causes disease in young chickens
Subclinical (<3 weeks of age)- immunosuppression and “poor-doing”
Clinical disease (3-6 weeks of age)- ruffled feathers, watery diarrhea, anorexia, vent picking, death
High morbidity, low mortality
Necropsy- hemorrhagic or edematous Bursa of Fabricus, hemorrhage in thigh/pectoral muscles, swollen kidneys
Histopathology or virus isolation
Vaccination available

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12
Q

Bovine herpesvirus-1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)

A

Highly contagious virus that causes multiple distinct syndromes
Respiratory- fever, salivation, rhinitis (“red nose,” may have red areas or white plaques), conjunctivitis (perilimbal edema, vascularization, no ulcer if simple infection), nasal discharge, and dyspnea
Reproductive- abortion between 6-8 months gestation, fetal autolysis with multifocal necrosis and hemorrhage
Neurologic- encephalomyelitis
Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
PCR of nasal secretions, viral antiGEN tests
CORE vaccine

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13
Q

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus

A

Causes lower respiratory disease (bronchitis and interstitial pneumonia)
High fever, coughing, nasal discharge, dyspnea
Ruptured bullae on lungs causes pneumothorax and/or subcutaneous emphysema
Cytopathic effect of virus leads to formation of syncytial cells (giant, multinucleated)
PCR of nasal swabs
CORE vaccine

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14
Q

Bovine parainfluenza-3 virus

A

Usually results in subclinical to mild signs of respiratory disease
Depresses mucociliary apparatus and alveolar macrophages predisposing to secondary infection
CORE vaccine

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15
Q

Feline herpesvirus-1 (feline viral rhinotracheitis)

A

Upper respiratory infection characterized by fever, oculonasal discharge, coughing, dyspnea, salivation, ulcerative keratitis (dendritic ulcers), corneal sequestrums, symplepharon, and conjunctivitis
Recrudescence damages nasal turbinates and predisposed to bacterial infections
PCR
CORE vaccine

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16
Q

Feline calicivirus

A

NON-enveloped (persists in environment)
Self-limiting upper respiratory infection characterized by sneezing, nasal discharge, oral ulcerations, lameness (“limping kitten syndrome”) especially in young cats
Virulent systemic calicivirus (mutated form, rare)- fever, facial and limb edema (vasculitis), and/or alopecia and ulceration usually in adult cats, often fatal
PCR
CORE vaccine

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17
Q

Which viruses are implicated in the Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex?

A

parainfluenza virus, adenovirus type-2, distemper virus, influenza virus, herpesvirus-1

Hacking cough, sneezing, nasal discharge, fever, conjunctivitis
PCR
Distemper and adenovirus type-2 are CORE vaccines
Vaccines available for others (except for herpesvirus-1)

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18
Q

Swine influenza virus

A

Epizootic - dry cough, high fevers, anorexia, high morbidity, resolves in 10 to 14 days
Enzootic - mild clinical signs, component of porcine respiratory disease complex
Necropsy - red-to-purple cranioventral areas of atelectasis, necrotizing bronchitis
PCR
Vaccination available

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19
Q

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

A

Reproductive disease (breeding sows) - abortion, stillbirths, mummies, weak piglets; resolves with natural immunity
Respiratory disease (6-9 weeks of age) - labored breathing, decreased growth, interstitial pneumonia (lungs do not collapse), NOT coughing; may persist indefinitely
Virus isolation (gold standard), PCR, many others
Serology cannot differentiate vaccination from natural infection
Vaccination available but does not eliminate infection

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20
Q

Porcine circovirus-2

A

Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (5-12 weeks of age) - progressive weight loss, dyspnea, generalized lymphadenopathy, +/- icterus or diarrhea
Individual immunosuppression and secondary infections
Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome - small red-purple blotches on skin (nonsuppurative vasculitis), swollen kidneys (nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis)
PCR
Vaccination recommended

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21
Q

Porcine parvovirus

A

NON-enveloped (persists in environment)
No disease in non-pregnant pigs
Infection of pregnant female: before day 30- early embryonic death, return to estrus; 30-70 days- fetal mummification (several mummies at different gestational ages); after day 70- survive to term, possibly weak or stillborn
Often parity 1 gilts who are affected
PCR, fluorescent antibody on mummified fetus
Vaccination recommended

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22
Q

Pseudorabies virus

A

Herpesvirus
Maintained in feral swine
Pre-weaned piglets- neurologic signs, high morality
Finishers/adults- respiratory signs, lower mortality
Sow herds- return to estrus, abortion, stillbirth, weak piglets
Infection in other species is characterized by intense pruritis (“mad itch”)
Vaccine available but use is restricted

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23
Q

Equine herpesvirus-1

A

“Equine abortion virus”
Vasculitis in placenta/endometrium/fetus
Abortion occurs in LAST trimester
Aborted fetus has petechial hemorrhages on respiratory mucosa, clear yellow fluid in body cavities, and multifocal hepatic necrosis
Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM) - ataxia/parasis, hypotonia oof tail and anus, urinary incontinence, “dog sitting”
Virus isolation is gold standard, PCR, IHC
Vaccine protects against abortion but not neurologic disease

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24
Q

Equine herpesvirus-3 (equine coital exanthema)

A

Venereal disease characterized by papular, pustular and ulcerative lesions on vaginal mucosa and penis

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25
Q

Equine herpesvirus-4 (rhinopneumonitis)

A

Common cause of respiratory disease in young horses (<2 years of age)
Fever, nasal discharge, mild cough, mild lymphadenopathy
PCR
Vaccine is available

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26
Q

Equine adenovirus-1 and -2

A

NON-enveloped - persist in environment
Usually inapparent or mild upper respiratory disease, GI disease (diarrhea) typically in foals
Adenovirus-1 associated with fatalities in Arabian foals with SCID

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27
Q

Equine rhinitis A and B viruses

A

Highly prevalent in horse populations
Subclinical to mild upper respiratory disease (non-specific)
PCR

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28
Q

Which influenza viruses infect swine?

A

H1N1, H1N2, H3N2

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29
Q

Which influenza virus infects equine?

A

H3N8

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30
Q

Which influenza viruses infect canines?

A

H3N8, H3N2

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31
Q

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)

A

Commonly transmitted from queen to kitten or via grooming (disease of “friendly” cats)- young cats
Infects lymphoid tissue –> infection of bone marrow –> infection of target organs + shedding
Abortive infection- virus is cleared
Regressive infection (most common)- provirus integrated into genome but no virions produced (no circulating antigen), can become progressive
Progressive infection- persistent viremia, illness (secondary infections, anemia, neoplasia, neurologic, immune-mediated, or reproductive disease, stomatitis
Point-of-care ELISA antiGEN test for p27, PCR for proviral DNA or viral RNA (confirm with second test)

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32
Q

Bovine leukemia virus (enzootic bovine leukosis)

A

Prevalence is high in beef and dairy herds
Horizontal (blood- iatrogenic, biting flies, breeding) and vertical (milk, placenta) transmission
Establishes latency in IgM B-lymphocytes and causes lymphoproliferative disease
Disease doesn’t appear until 6-8 years of age due to long latency period
Several outcomes: no infection, permanent infection but no disease (most common), permanent infection with lymphocytosis, or permanent infection with enzootic lymphoma (only 1-5%)
Enzootic lymphoma predilection sites- spinal cord, uterus, right auricle, abomasum, kidney

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33
Q

Avian sarcoma leukosis virus (lymphoid leukosis)

A

“Big liver”
Vertical (infected in ovo) and horizontal transmission
Chickens >4 months of age
Causes IgM B cell lymphoma in internal organs
Destroying bursa can prevent disease
Hepatosplenomegaly, enlarged bursa, osteopetrosis (proliferation of osteoblasts)
Nodular tumors in liver, spleen, and bursa, and other viscera (no peripheral nerve involvement)

34
Q

Marek’s disease (Gallid herpesvirus-2)

A

“Range paralysis”
Virus is shed in feather follicle dander
All outdoor birds likely exposed and all ages susceptible
Causes T cell lymphoma in nerves, ovaries/testes, viscera, eyes, muscle, and skin
Acute outbreak- swollen abdomen (ascites), emaciation, unilateral or bilateral paralysis of legs and/or wings
“Grey eye” due to lymphocytic infiltration
Enlarged, discolored sciatic nerves (with loss of cross-striations)
No treatment, grave prognosis
Vaccination in ovo or day 1 of life (do NOT vaccinate adults)

35
Q

Bovine papilloma viruses

A

Several viruses that cause warts in different areas on cattle <2 years of age
Papillomas regress spontaneously within 3-12 months
Can be surgically removed if causing problems (e.g. breeding)
BPV 1 and 2 cause equine sarcoid - lesions on head, lower leg, and prepuce, often reoccur even with wide surgical excision (types: verrucous, fibroblastic, nodular, mixed, malevolent, occult)

36
Q

Equine papillomavirus

A

Two forms of disease:
Warts on muzzle/lips and possibly distal extremities - young horses, self-resolves, does not reoccur
Aural plaques - any age, vectored by black flies, do not resolve

37
Q

Canine papilloma viruses

A

Four different viruses that cause warts typically in young dogs (<2 years of age)
Contagious among dogs
Most commonly oral papillomas (lips, gums, tongue)
Usually regress over the course of a few months

38
Q

Pustular dermatitis virus (contagious ecthyma/orf/sore mouth)

A

Contagious among sheep, goats, and humans (ZOONOTIC)
Typically affects younger animals and is more severe in goats than sheep
Crusting, proliferative (convex) lesions at mucocutaneous junctions (mouth, genitalia), teats, and interdigital spaces
Crusts remain infective for more than a year
Typically self-limiting within 3-6 weeks
“Malignant” orf is severe/progressive form with a poor prognosis
PCR, IHC

39
Q

Pseudocowpox virus

A

ZOONOTIC (“milker’s nodules”)
Lesions vary from small red papules, crusting lesions, and horseshoe-shaped scabs
Lesions are painful and occur on teats, inner thighs, and scrotum
Increases incidence of mastitis
Usually spontaneously regress within 6 weeks, but reinfection often occurs because immunity is short-lived
Virus isolation

40
Q

Bovine papular stomatitis virus

A

ZOONOTIC
Usually affects cattle <2 years of age
Clinical signs are mild if they occur
Papular and erosive lesions of lips, muzzle, oral mucosa, and teats
Spontaneously resolves
Immunity is short-lived so reinfection can occur
PCR

41
Q

Swinepox virus

A

Transmitted primarily via lice
Papules (non-pruritic) initially develop along ventrum and inguinal areas, can affect any area of skin
Minimal clinical significance alone but does predispose to secondary infection
Heal within 3-4 weeks

42
Q

Fowlpox virus

A

Causes disease in chickens, turkeys, and most other birds (besides waterfowl)
Infection spreads via mechanical transmission (i.e. mosquitoes, flies) onto injured skin
Cutaneous (dry) form- nodules on comb, wattle, eyelids, and other un-feathered areas
Membranous (wet) form- fibrinous yellow plaques or nodules on mucous membranes of mouth, esophagus, and trachea (can occlude trachea)
Vaccination available

43
Q

Bovine herpesvirus-2 and -4 (ulcerative mammilitis)

A

Cows most commonly affected on their first lactation
Plaques or ulcers of various sizes on teats
Outbreaks associated with cold weather
Virus isolation

44
Q

Avian paramyxovirus-1 (Newcastle disease)

A

Affects many species of birds, including chickens and turkeys
Clinical signs vary but young/stressed birds have most severe signs
Lentogenic- mild upper respiratory signs, drop in egg production
Mesogenic (enzootic)- mild respiratory signs, drop in egg production and quality (soft-shelled eggs), +/- neurologic signs; hemorrhage in proventriculus
Velogenic (exotic)- neurologic signs (wing droop, leg dragging, torticollis), prostration, gasping, cyanotic comb/wattle, edema of the head, deformed eggs; hemorrhage in crescent-shaped patch on lower palpebral conjunctiva (pathognomonic), egg-yolk peritonitis; mortality >90%
Vaccination available
REPORTABLE

45
Q

Foot and mouth disease virus

A

Highly, highly contagious, prolonged shedding by carriers (NOT swine), NON-enveloped
High morbidity and rapid spread, but low mortality
Affects cloven-hoofed animals (sheep, swine, cattle)
Sheep show few clinical signs (maintenance hosts)
Swine get vesicles on snout and feet, may lose hooves, shed large amounts of virus (amplifier hosts)
Cattle get vesicles on buccal mucosa, dental bad, tongue, interdigital space, coronary band, and teats (indicator hosts, most severe clinical signs)
Young calves and piglets can get myocarditis (“tiger-stripe” lesions)
Depopulation
FAD!!

46
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus

A

Enzootic in USA
Insect vector is most common mode of transmission
Signs in cattle and swine are indistinguishable from FMD
Affects HORSES- fever, drooling, vesicles on tongue, lips, and coronary band
Can cause flu-like illness and oral vesicles in humans

47
Q

Vesicular exanthema virus

A

Calicivirus that causes vesicles and ulcers on mouth, snout, and feet
Signs typically not as severe as FMD
Can be transmitted by sea lions (San Miguel viruses)
RT-PCR
FAD!!

48
Q

Swine vesicular disease

A

Mild disease characterized by lesions on the feet
Snout and mouth lesions are less common that with FMD and VS
RT-PCR

49
Q

Seneca Valley virus

A

Responsible for sporadic cases of vesicular disease in the USA
Disease characterized by vesicles on snout and feet, typically self-limiting
Increased mortality in piglets <7 days of age
RT-PCR

50
Q

Ovine herpesvirus-2 (malignant catarrhal fever)

A

Causes little to no disease in natural host (sheep) but causes severe disease in accidental host (cattle)
Latency established in lymphocytes
Peracute - sudden death or short course of diarrhea/dysentery and weakness
Acute - fever, bilateral corneal edema (“blue eye”), mucopurulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, generalized lymphadenopathy, mucosal erosions/ulcers (hemorrhagic diarrhea)
PCR for viral nucleic acid

51
Q

Pest de Petits Ruminants

A

Disease of sheep and goats with high morbidity and mortality (goats > sheep), especially in lambs and kids
Targets respiratory and gastrointestinal systems - pneumonia (dyspnea, coughing, nasal discharge) and mucosal erosions/ulcers with diarrhea
RT-PCR, AGID, ELISA
FAD!!

52
Q

Rinderpest

A

Clinical disease resembles mucosal disease (BVDV) and MCF
Fever, diarrhea, mucosal ulcerations, immune suppression, etc.
VERY high morbidity and mortality
Eradicated globally

53
Q

Classical swine fever

A

Wild pig is the reservoir
Infects and kills endothelial cells and lymphocytes Acute form- hemorrhage (petechia)/infarcts/thrombi (DIC), lymphopenia, conjunctivitis, diffuse erythema, v/d, neurologic signs, HIGH morbidity and mortality
Chronic form- chronic diarrhea, abortion/mummies/stillbirths, cerebellar hypoplasia/”shaker” pigs (in utero infection
Can also cause persistent infection if infected in utero (shed virus in urine, no clinical disease)
PI pig later develops disease
FAD!!

54
Q

African swine fever

A

Transmitted by soft tick (Ornithodorus sp.)
Characterized by petechia, pulmonary edema and hemorrhage, hemorrhagic lymph nodes
Splenomegaly with no infarcts

55
Q

African horse sickness

A

NON-enveloped - persists in environment
Transmitted by ticks, mosquitoes, and Culicoides sp.
Destroys endothelial cells especially in the lungs and heart
Pulmonary form- pulmonary edema, frothy nasal discharge, dyspnea, death
Cardiac form- edema of supraorbital fossa and conjunctiva, subcutaneous edema of the head (no edema in limbs) pericardial effusion, cardiac hemorrhages
Mixed- pulmonary and cardiac
Horse sickness fever- mild disease with febrile episodes (donkeys, zebras)

56
Q

Rabies virus

A

Causes fatal polioencephalitis of warm-blooded animals
Excreted from salivary glands up to two weeks prior to onset of clinical signs
Dumb (paralytic) form- lower motor neuron paralysis beginning at inoculated limb, dropped jaw
Furious form- aggression, hyperesthesia
Both forms- behavioral changes, ataxia/paralysis/seizures, voice change, ptyalism, dysphagia
Death occurs within 10 days
Direct fluorescent antibody test on brain tissue
CORE vaccination

57
Q

What are the Rabies Guidelines for bites?

A

Pet with current vaccination is bit - booster vaccine and observe for 45 days
Pet overdue for vaccination is bit - booster vaccine and observe for 45 days (serologic testing for antibody may be an option to determine previous vaccination history)
Pet who has never been vaccinated is bit - euthanize or immediate vaccination and strict quarantine for 4 months (dog/cat) or 6 months (ferret)

Healthy pet bites person - 10-day observation period, do NOT vaccinate until end of observation period
Strays/unwanted pets bite person - euthanize and test

58
Q

Eastern, Western, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses

A

Viruses spread by mosquitoes that cause diffuse cerebral disease
Altered mentation, head pressing, ataxia, circling, seizures, coma, and death
Hemorrhages in brain
ELISA, PCR, CSF (mononuclear pleocytosis + protein)
CORE vaccines (except for Venezuelan)

59
Q

West Nile virus

A

Transmitted from birds to horses via mosquitoes
Incidence increases in late summer/early fall
Most horses are asymptomatic
Neurologic signs develop in some horses - ataxia/paresis/paralysis, muzzle fasciculations, cranial nerve abnormalities
ELISA, PCR, CSF (mononuclear pleocytosis + protein)
CORE vaccine

60
Q

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)

A

Retrovirus
Commonly transmitted via fighting (disease of “mean” cats) - old tom cats
Acute phase- antibody response suppresses virus, fever, lymphadenopathy (unlikely to be noticed)
Long asymptomatic phase with gradual immunosuppression (lymphopenia, hyperglobulinemia)
Clinical phase- secondary infections, neoplasia, bone marrow suppression, stomatitis, neurologic disease
CD8 > CD4 (inverted ratio)
Point-of-care ELISA antiBODY test (~60 days post-infection), confirm positive results (repeat ELISA, Western blot, PCR

61
Q

Equine infectious anemia virus

A

“Swamp fever”
Transmitted by blood-feeding flies (Tabanids)
Donkeys are resistant to disease but still transmit the virus
Retrovirus that permanently infects macrophages
Acute- cyclical fever, anemia/thrombocytopenia, dependent edema, petechia, epistaxis, icterus
Chronic- recurrent bouts of milder disease (signs similar to acute phase with cachexia), “swamper”
Inapparent carrier- survives chronic phase (reservoir)
Serology- antibodies to p26 antigen
ELISA (initial screening)
AGID- “Coggin’s test”
PCR (status of foals born to positive mares)
Euthanasia, no vaccine

62
Q

Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus

A

Non-oncogenic lentivirus infection of monocytes and macrophages
Infection is lifelong
Incidence of infection is much higher than incidence of clinical disease
Transmitted in colostrum/milk or direct contact
Adult goats- arthritis, especially of the carpal joint (“big knee”), interstitial pneumonia, or indurative mastitis (“hard bag”, no milk)
Kids (2-4 months of age)- leukoencephalomalacia (bilateral posterior paresis and ataxia, recumbency, mentation is normal) that is usually fatal
AGID on serum, PCR or histopathology on tissues
Test and cull
Heat-treated colostrum

63
Q

Ovine progressive pneumonia virus

A

Similar to Maedi/Visna
Transmitted primarily by colostrum/milk
Slowly progressive lymphoproliferative disease with 100% fatality
Manifests as chronic progressive pneumonia, indurative mastitis, and ill-thrift
Emaciation (“thin ewe syndrome”), dyspnea, “hard bag”, neurologic signs (hindlimb paralysis, normal mentation)
AGID, serology, PCR
Test and cull
Bovine colostrum or milk replacer

64
Q

Bovine coronavirus (winter dysentery)

A

Spreads rapidly though herd
Dark bloody diarrhea
Self-resolves within 3 days
No associated mortality

65
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (prion)

A

Chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system
Long incubation period
Transmitted by feeding scrapie-infected meat or bone meal
Behavioral changes- agitation, anxiety, apprehension; neurologic signs- abnormal posture, incoordination, frenzied movements, exaggerated gait
Prions concentrate in eyes, brain, and spinal cord (NOT in meat or milk)
Affects many species including humans (Creutzfeld-Jacob disease)
REPORTABLE
ELISA on brain tissue (screening), Western blot (confirmatory)

66
Q

Scrapie (prion not virus)

A

Neurologic disease of sheep and goats
Long incubation period
Pathogenesis not clear - ingestion vs wound inoculation
Ataxia, pruritis, wasting
Neuronal degeneration, astrocyte hypertrophy/proliferation
IHC is gold standard confirmatory test

67
Q

Canine/feline enteric coronavirus

A

Asymptomatic or mild, self-limiting diarrhea
Highly contagious
Tropism for large intestinal enterocytes
Feline enteric coronavirus can mutate and cause FIP

68
Q

Rotaviruses

A

Common cause of diarrhea in all young animals
Causes villous damage (thin-walled intestines) leading to malabsorptive diarrhea
Swine (7-10 days of age)- profuse diarrhea that can lead to significant mortality, vaccination
Bovine (1-2 weeks of age)- most common cause of neonatal diarrhea, vaccination

69
Q

Canine herpesvirus

A

Systemic, often fatal disease of puppies (usually <4 weeks of age)
Signs in puppies include dyspnea, thick nasal discharge, soft and odorless stools, seizures, and sudden death
Signs in adult dogs include mild upper respiratory illness (with or without ocular signs) and miscarriage
Paired serum from dead puppies or PCR

70
Q

Equine coronavirus

A

Emerging virus that causes small intestinal inflammation and necrosis
May cause diarrhea or encephalopathy (hyperammonemia)
Fecal PCR

71
Q

Equine arteritis virus (equine viral arteritis)

A

Venereal, respiratory, and transplacental transmission
Most commonly affects very young or very old horses
Stallions are reservoirs
Most infections are subclinical
Clinical signs include abortion, cough/nasal discharge, subcutaneous edema (supraorbital, conjunctival, scrotum/prepuce, distal limbs)
PCR, virus isolation, antibody titer
Vaccine available but not commonly used

72
Q

Cache Valley virus

A

Causes abortions, fetal malformations, infertility, and congenital defects in sheep and goats
Transmitted by mosquitoes
Common fetal defects include arthrogryposis, hydrocephalus, and scoliosis (day 32-37)
Abortion if infected prior to day 32
Less likely to affect fetus if infected after day 37
Fetal antibody detection

73
Q

Porcine enteroviruses (picornoviruses)

A

Stabile in the environment
Ubiquitous in swine herds
Most infections are asymptomatic
Can cause Teschen disease (severe) or Talfan disease (mild-moderate) - polioencephalomyelitis (ataxia, posterior paresis, convulsions, opisthotonos, death)
Can cause stillbirth, mummification, infertility, and early embryonic death (similar to parvovirus)

74
Q

Avian encephalomyelitis virus

A

“Epidemic tremors”
Vertical and horizontal transmission
Usually affect chicks <4 weeks of age
Disease characterized by neurologic signs like ataxia/paresis/paralysis (“hock-sitting”), tremors, and recumbency
Turkeys experience milder disease that chickens
Vaccination prior to laying

75
Q

Coronaviral enteritis of turkeys

A

Highly contagious
GI disease most commonly occurs in first few weeks of life
Acute gastrointestinal disease characterized by diarrhea and weight loss
Breeder hens experience drop in egg production and quality (white, chalky shells)
Necropsy- pale, thin-walled small intestine, ceca distended with gas a fluid

76
Q

Turkey hemorrhagic enteritis virus (adenovirus type 3)

A

Affects turkeys >4 weeks of age
Hemorrhagic droppings, immunosuppression (secondary infections)
Morbidity ~100%
Necropsy- intestinal hemorrhage, splenomegaly
PCR
Vaccination widely used

77
Q

Infectious bronchitis (avian coronavirus)

A

Affects only chickens
Acute upper respiratory disease that can progress to airsacculitis, pneumonia, and dyspnea
Renal effects - diarrhea, heat-seeking, anorexia
Reproductive effects - decreased egg production with soft, wrinkly shells and watery albumin, egg yolk peritonitis
Necropsy- hyperemic tracheal mucosa with exudate, cystic oviducts, swollen kidneys with urolithiasis
Virus isolation
Vaccination available

78
Q

Infectious laryngotracheitis (gallid herpesvirus-1)

A

Affects chickens of any age (does not affect turkeys)
Bloody mucoid to caseous exudate in proximal trachea
Coughing, open-mouthed breathing (“gasping”), extended neck
Fibrinonecrotic exudate can occlude trachea and lead to death
Intranuclear inclusion bodies in tracheal epithelium on histopathology
Vaccination

79
Q

Avian influenza virus

A

“Fowl plague”
Affects all poultry, especially turkeys
Carried asymptomatically by waterfowl and other wild birds
Low pathogenic strain- mild respiratory signs, decreased egg production
Highly pathogenic strain- sudden death with no premonitory signs, respiratory/neurologic/GI signs, edema of face and feet, hemorrhage of legs and feet

80
Q

Equine influenza

A

Highly contagious, very common
Can shed asymptomatically
Florida lineage
Severity of clinical signs varies
Fever, dry cough, nasal discharge, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes
PCR
Quarantine for ~2 weeks
Intranasal vaccine available (MLV) as well as inactivated vaccines

NAVLE (2 decks)

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