Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

LS10 C.elegans > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

what are viruses?

A

Obligate parasites that can function only after they replicate in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Viruses depend on their host to survive because:

A

If viruses are too successful and quickly kill their hosts, they immediately eliminate themselves too e.g. omicron

If viruses are too passive and the host can stop their growth, then they also eliminate themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name 3 different phases withing a virus (LEM)

A

Eclipse phase, here there are no viral particles yet

Maturation phase, here only cell-associated viruses are present

Latent phase, the release of the virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The genetic material is surrounded by:

A

a protein capsid (helical or icosahedral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the function of a capsid?

A

Protecting nucleic acids from chemical, physical and enzymatic damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why do viruses only use a limited number of designs?

A

Because it requires less genetic material because it repeats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many subunits does a isohedrical capsid have?

A

60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Metastability =?

A

the ability of a non-equilibrium state to hold for a long time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Whats the difference between naked and eveloped viruses?

A

Naked viruses are composed of only the nucleocapsid and enveloped viruses have a layer of plasma membrane taken from the host cell that surrounds the nucelocapsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Whats the function of spikes?

A

They add to the attachment of the virus to a host cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Host range =?

A

it defines the number of host species used by a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Whats the difference between specialists and generalists?

A

Specialists infect a limited amount of hosts and generalists infect a large range of hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Whats the difference between specialists and generalists?

A

Specialists infect a limited amount of hosts and generalists infect a large range of hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tissue tropism =?

A

The different cell types that can be infected by the virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a resistant cell has:…

A

no entry receptor, the the cell may or may not be able to support the viral replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A susceptible cell has…

A

a functional receptor for a given virus, so the cell may or may not support viral replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A permissive cell can…

A

replicate the virus, but may or may not be susceptible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A susceptible and permissive cell can…

A

take up a virus particle and replicate it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Primary cells…

A

are prepared directly from an animal or human tissue (can be subcultered)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Semi-coninuous diploid cells…

A

are derived from human fetal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Continuous cells…

A

are derived from tumors of human or animal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name 4 quantification methods (pfvt)

A

Plaque assay, fluorescent focus assay, virus in cell culture and TCID50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Multiplicity of infection (MOI) = ?

A

the number of indectious particles added per cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name 6 physical measurements of virus particles

A

Heamagglutination assay, haemagglutination inhibiton assay, EM, ELISA, flowcytometry, and antigen rapid test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Name the 6 steps of the viral life cycle:
attachment, penetration, uncoating, biosynthesism assembly and release
26
What happens during attachment?
The virus adheres to the cell surface by electrostatics and attaches to a receptor molecule on the cell surface
27
What happens during penetration?
The virus is endocytosed or fuses with the host cell membrane
28
What happens during uncoating?
The capsid is degraded either in the cytoplasm or in the endocytic vesicle Uncoating is triggered by the host cell enzymes
29
Name 4 modes of nuclear entry:
through pores, docking at pores, pushing with motor tubules or by disrupting the nuclear membrane
30
How to T4 bacteriophages target the bacteria?
By penetrating the cell with a needle and injecting their particles inside the cell
31
Name 3 modes of assembly:
self-assembly, with the help of scaffolding proteins or by precursor proteins for proteolytic cleavage
32
Name 2 modes of release
by budding of the plasma membrane (enveloped viruses) or by cell lysis
33
What happens during maturation?
Virus become infectious by proteolytic modifications to the capsid or envelope
34
Name 2 important events that happen after infection:
procution of virus structural proteins and enzymes, and replication of the viral genome
35
Why do all viral genomes must make mRNA?
So that the host ribosomes can read the viral genome
36
Whats the difference between + strand mRNA and - strand mRNA
+ strand has the same polarity as mRNA and - strand is complementary to the + strand and can not be translated
37
Where does the poxyvirus replicate?
In the cytoplasm and brings its own DNA and RNA enzymes
38
What is needed for DNA synthesis?
DdDp and primers
39
Why is RNA more prone to mutations compared to DNA
Because RdRp has no proofreading comared to DdDp
40
Antigenic drift =?
minor point mutations where the immune system no longer recognizes hemagglutinin and HA/NA proteins
41
Antigenic shift=?
A sudden and major change in surface antigens when 2 different strains inject the same cell at the same time and undergo genetic reassortent
42
Why is antigenic shift so dangerous?
Because the change is so drastic that it can cause pandemics or outbreaks because the virus is so new and barely anyone has any prior immunity to it
43
Viral virulence =...
The capacity of a virus to cause disease in a host
44
Clinical signs=...
Attributes of infection that are objectively measured e.g. rash, body temperature
45
Clinical symptoms=...
Attributes of infection that are subjectively assessed e.g. pain or soreness
46
Incubation period =...
The initial period before symptoms of disease are obvious
47
When can a virus enter an entire organism?
When there is sufficient virus particles present, cells at the primary site of infection must be accessible, susceptible and permissive, and the host immune system must be absent
48
Name 4 ways a virus can be present/spread in the host
1. . Localized, so the virus stays at the primary site 2. Dissemination, it spreads from the primary site 3. Viremia, it is present in the blood 4. Systemic, it spreads to multiple susceptible organs
49
Acute infection...
Sudden onset/short time infection
50
Subclinical infection...
Same as acute but there are no signs of symptoms present
51
Persistent infections...
Infect a few cells and produce low level of progeny
52
Chronic infections..
more active and have a larger yield
53
Latent infections...
Always start acute/subclinical and you have flare-ups of the disease
54
Slowly progressive infections...
Takes many years to manifest, virus particles are still produced
55
Virus-induced tumors...
Viruses induce transformation of genetic materual e.g. HPV
56
How can a virus leave the host body?
Through following the route of entry, sneezing, nasal secretions, feces, sperm etc.
57
Horizontal transmission:
between members of the same species, or different species (zoonotic), or via intermediate species that carry the virus
58
Vertical transmission
the transfer of infection between mother and child
59
Iatrogenic
by the activity of a health care worker e.g. injection
60
Nosocomial
while in the hospital or health care facility
61
Germline transmission
proviral DNA is transmitted as part of the genome
62
R-0 =....
number of secondary infections that can arise in a population of susceptible hosts from a single infected individual

LS10 C.elegans (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions