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LS10 C.elegans > Developmental biologhy > Flashcards

Developmental biologhy Flashcards

1
Q

Intrinsic regulation =….

A

Regulators of self-renewal within a cell is localized asymmetrically

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2
Q

What are PAR proteins? Why are they so important during development?

A

PAR proteins are internal cellular signals for polarisation. They are important because the loss of PAR proteins effect the localization on the other side. There is a relationship between PAR proteins and asymmetry in order for 2 daughter cells to dissociate.

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3
Q

What does the mitotic spindle do during cell division?

A

It gives orientation to the cell division by mechanical forces

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4
Q

What are the spindles made of?

A

Of centromers that have filaments of microtubuli which attach and pull.

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5
Q

Improper spindle orienation is linked with….

A

Disease and tumor formation

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6
Q

The cortical force consists of…

A

The combination of the pulling force and dynein

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7
Q

Which proteins affect spindle force?

A

GPR-1/2 in associated with LIN-5 that activate the G-protein

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8
Q

Extrinsic polarization =,,,

A

The stem cell is in close contact with the stem cell niche which maintains the potential to self-renewal

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9
Q

Niches =…

A

Local tissue microenvironments that maintain and regulate stem cells

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10
Q

Stem cells are controlled by activation agents ….

A

Notch signalling from DTP niche as it results in cell differentiation

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11
Q

Function of ASPM (abnormal spindle-like, microcephaly associated)

A

It regulates spindle orientation by interacting with kinase and by creating a division between the pulling forces

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12
Q

What happens when there is less ASPM/CITK?

A

The cells quickly leave the cell cycle and have fewer microtubules, so the cell divide symmetrically

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13
Q

LIN-5 in c.elegans is an ortholog of…

A

ASPM in humans

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14
Q

ASPM recruits…

A

CITK to the microtubules to promote stabilization

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15
Q

Name 4 processes which favored multicellarity

A
  1. Differentiation to ensure proper function
  2. Damaged/old cells programming to die e.g. necrosis/apoptosis
  3. Growth in size which maintains functionality
  4. Increasing in cell number to boost organ and body size
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16
Q

Whats the difference between pluripotent and totipotent cells?

A

Pluripotent cells can give rise to all cell types of the body and totipotent cells are capable of giving rise to all cell types of the body and extra-embryonic tissue

17
Q

Spemann organiser =

A

It directs groups of cells into tissues and organs of the embyro by induction

18
Q

Whats the function of Chroding and Noggin?

A

They are released to prevent BMP-4 signaling which causes a different cell fate, so prevent differentiation.

19
Q

What are morphogens?

A

Long-range molecules that act in a concentration-responsive matter to induce a cellular response

20
Q

Inductive interaction =…

A

A group of cells which are identical but a signal to one cell causes a different cell fate. Limited in space and time.

21
Q

Name 3 levels at which cell polarity can be controlled

A
  1. single cell
  2. small group of cells
  3. tissue level
22
Q

How is single cell polarity controlled?

A

Cells can be polarized by intracellular signals e.g. one-cell embryo (intrinsic polarity)

23
Q

How are a small group of cells controlled in polarity?

A

Cells can be polarized by short-range signals from the stem cell niche e.g. DTC as niche

24
Q

How are tissue controlled in polarity?

A

Morphogens determine the organization of polarity e.g. WNT- and Hedgehog signalling

25
Q

How do the majority of human cancers arise?

A

They arise from the epithelial tissue due to loss of cell polarity and tissue disorganization

26
Q

Which complexes interact with PAR and how?

A

Crumbs complex maintains the structure and Scribble complex but then on the basal side. They interact with each other to maintain a distinguished structure.

27
Q

What is the relation between cell junctions and polarity?

A

Polarity is relayed to the tight junctions and adherent junctions dynamics at the cell-cell surface, these are critical for the development and maintenance of the tissue (occluding + claudin)

28
Q

Adherent junctions have…

A

mechanical support function but also allow signaling and transport

29
Q

Cadherins connect to…

A

the internal port with catenin by an anchor

30
Q

Tight junctions function in…

A

sealing the intracellular space and working as a barrier against migration, it establishes cell-cell interactions and binds to the cytoskeleton

31
Q

What are the consequences of low core polarity expression?

A

It weakens the adherent junction complex which results in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and consequently malignancy

32
Q

Planar cell polarity functions in…

A

coordination of orientation of cells and cellular structures along an axis in the plane of the epithelial surface

LS10 C.elegans (4 decks)

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