Viro 2 test Flashcards
1
Q
What is the vector for the Dengue virus?
A
Mosquitoes
2
Q
What is the vector for the Zika Virus?
A
Mosquitoes
3
Q
What is the vector for the Yellow fever Virus?
A
Mosquitoes
4
Q
What is the vector for the Cacao swollen shoot virus?
A
Melly bug
5
Q
What is the vector for the Potato virus Y?
A
Aphids
6
Q
What is the vector for the Bean Pod mottle Vrius?
A
bettle
7
Q
What is the vector for the Lone Star Virus?
A
Tick
8
Q
What is the vector for the Hantaan Virus?
A
none
9
Q
What is the Vector for the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus?
A
thrips
10
Q
What is the Vector for the Deformed Wing virus?
A
Mite
11
Q
What is the vector for the Rose rosette virus?
A
erophyid mites
12
Q
What is the vector for the Variola Virus?
A
None- This is casue by two variants of Variola (major and minior). This is human to human tranmission.
13
Q
What is the vector for the Banana Bunchy Top Virus?
A
aphids
14
Q
What is the vector for the Bean Golden yellow Vrius?
A
whiteflies
15
Q
What is the vector for the Rice tungro spherical virus?
A
Leafhoppers
16
Q
What is the vector for the West Nile Virus?
A
Mosquito
17
Q
What is the vector for the Chikungunya Virus?
A
thrips
18
Q
What is the vector for the Turnip yellow mosaic virus?
A
thrips
19
Q
What is the vector for the Wheat streak mosaic Virus?
A
mite
20
Q
What is the vector for the influenza A virus?
A
None
21
Q
Describe the following transmission
A
22
Q
What were some of the issues with DDT
A
DDT was used starting in the 1940’s to wipe out mosquito
populations worldwide to control disease.
* Several issues were discovered after extensive use.
* DDT bioaccumulates and biomagnifies.
* DDT was devastating to songbirds and raptors.
* Resistance to DDT was seen in mosquito populations almost
immediately.
* Resistance has persisted as resistance to DDT confers resistance to
pyrethrins and pyrethroids.
23
Q
How are mosquitoes controlled? (IMP)
A
Insecticide spray programs
Personal protection:
Sleeping nets
Screened windows
Repellant (DEET, Lemon Eucalyptus oil, etc.)
Long sleeves
Gene drives
24
Q
How are Ticks controlled? (IMP)
A
Long pants when walking in grass
or the woods.
DEET or other insect repellant.
Spraying infested yards to protect
pets.
Checking oneself for ticks after
going in the grass or woods.
25
How are Thrips controlled? (IPM)
ontrol of thrips is
difficult.
* In some species,
resistance develops
quickly.
* New research on the
genome of the
Western flower thrips
suggests that the
number of CP450
genes may play a role.
26
Please describe the following transmission types and where in the arthropod the virus is interacting with the vector **Non-Persistent**
27
Please describe the following transmission types and where in the arthropod the virus is interacting with the vector **Foregut-borne**
Virus attaches to the upper portion of the
mouthparts and/or foregut.
Transmitted with regurgitation or
sustained feeding.
Acquired within minutes.
Transmitted in hours.
Cauliflower mosaic virus is an example
28
Please describe the following transmission types and where in the arthropod the virus is interacting with the vector ***Circulative, non-propagative***
Virus binds to the mouth parts.
Acquired within seconds.
Can be transmitted within
minutes.
Potyviruses are an example of a
virus transmitted this way.
29
Please describe the following transmission types and where in the arthropod the virus is interacting with the vector **Circulative, proagative**
30
What does the varroa mite do to honeybees?
Fat bodies
31
How do viruses manipulate aviruliferous and viruliferous vectors?
VOG singal vector colors yellow less healthy
Mesquestios - body temp and CO2 levels shifit in behavior
32
What are retrotransposons and what similarity do they have to viruses?
Retro and pararetroviruses exist in two
versions:
* Episomal (actively replicating and
infecting new cells)
* Endogenous (integrated into the
genome)
Retrotransposons are genetically related
to retroviruses.
Do not exist as episomal viruses except
under rare circumstances.
33
What makes a virus a new species?
It depends on the taxonomy of the virus (i.e.,
family or order).
Generally less than 90% amino acid identity in
a protein, such as the coat protein, is needed.
Other criteria can be included:
* Host range
* Vector range
* Symptoms
* Etc.
DEpentds
34
What makes a virus a new strain?
Strains of a virus are still the
same species.
However, they differ in how they
respond in the same host.
Can be characterized by genetic
differences.
But no hard rule on what makes a
strain.
35
What makes a virus a new serotype?
Serotypes are based on what antigens antibodies
recognize.
Still are the same species.
Some viruses have multiple serotypes.
Others only have one.
Is not necessarily based on genotype.
For example, measles virus has multiple genotypes
but only one serotype.
36
What makes a virus an isolate ?
In simple terms, an isolate is
the collection of viral sequences
for a single species within a
single host.
37
What are the four major hypotheses for viral origins?
1. Reduction
hypothesis
2. ESCAPE
3. Co-evolution
4. Chimeric origians (best one)
38
Why do we need a new influenza vaccine each year?
due to the high mutation rates 198 theoreticallympossible
combinations.
Genome segment
reassortment.
Point mutations from
the RdRp.
Genetic shift and drift
specific to the hosts.
39
What information can obtaining the viral genome tell us about transmission type, replication strategy, host range (including alternative hosts), potential treatments, etc.?
40
What can determining the vector (if vector transmissible) tell us about controlling the virus?
41
What can we do to control the virus (vaccines, antivirals, genetic engineering, etc.) based on the information above?
42
What are the four steps for virus-cell interactions?
* The first step in HIV-1 entry is adhesion to the cell.
* Then the Env protein (gp120 subunit) interacts with CD4 and
binds.
* CD4 enhances T-cell receptor-mediated signaling.
* Env binds to either CCR5, CXCR4, or both.
* The final step is membrane fusion and viral entry
43
How do the following viruses enter their host cells (list the receptors)?
HIV
Influenza A virus
SARS CoV-1
SARS CoV-2
HIV - CD4 ( CCR5 HIV-1) CXCR4 (X4 HIV-1) and both
Influenza A virus HA and slicaic acids CCR5 ans CCR2
SARS Cov-1 AC2
SARS Cov-2
44
How do plant viruses interact with receptors in the plant?
Plant viruses also interact with
receptors.However, these receptors aren’t for
entry into plant cells, but forintercellular movement.
Tobacco mosaic virus MP interacts
with ANK to faciliate cell-to-cell movment.
45
How do plant viruses interact with receptors in the vector(s)?
Stylin-01 and Stylin-02 interact with
the CP of CaMV to allow for binding
to the aphid stylet.
The GN glycoprotein of TSWV interacts
with endocuticle glycoproteins,
cyclophilin and enolase.
Cyclophilin is an important receptor
for luteovirids in aphids.
46
What are the vaccines types mentioned in class and how do they work?
Inactivated - killed pathogen does not elicit mucosal immunity
Example - Influenza , Hepatitsis A vaccine, Poilo vaccine, Rabies vaccine
Live-attenuated- Vaccine that has the live pathogen but weekend/ can revert to be fully pathogenic/ can ne adiminsterd oral or IM
Example oral polio vaccen
Recombinant
Subunit
Recombinant vector vaccine
DNA vaccine
RNA vaccine
47
What types of antibodies can be produced and what do they do?
IgA- mucosal.
IgD- antigen receptor on B-cells.
* IgE- allergens and parasitic worms.
* IgG- pathogens.
* IgM- surface of the B-cells.
48
Which cells are involved in immune response and what do they do?
Cells involved in immune respoance -
( what do they do) -
49
How long does immunity last?
Dependens on the virus
Acellular pertussis- 4-6 yr
Diphteria 10 yr
Tetanus 13-14 yr
Polio- 18 yr
HIb >9 yr
Hep B- > 20
Measels life
mumps ~10
rubbela - 10-20
HPV- 5-8 yr
Varicella > 14 ( two does)
50
What type of analysis must be done to determine if a vaccine should be used (i.e., what is being compared)?
The drug is tested in comparison to a
placebo or other control to determine
efficacy and infection.
51
What is epidemiology?
Epidemiology is the study of disease outbreaks.
52
What are Koch’s Postulates and how are they used for viruses?
The microorganism must be found in abundance
in all organisms suffering from the disease, but
should not be found in healthy organisms.
The microorganism must be isolated from a
diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
The cultured microorganism should cause disease
when introduced into a healthy organism.
The microorganism must be reisolated from the
inoculated, diseased experimental host and
identified as being identical to the original
specific causative agent.
Koch's Postulates for Vruies
A nucleic acid sequence belonging to a putative pathogen should be present
in most cases of an infectious disease. Microbial nucleic acids should be found preferentially in those organs or gross anatomic sites known to be diseased, and not in those organs that lack pathology.
Fewer, or no, copy numbers of pathogen-associated nucleic acid sequencesshould occur in hosts or tissues without disease.With resolution of disease, the copy number of pathogen-associated nucleicacid sequences should decrease or become undetectable. With clinical relapse, the opposite should occur.
When sequence detection predates disease, or sequence copy number correlates with severity of disease or pathology, the sequence-diseaseassociation is more likely to be a causal relationship.
The nature of the microorganism inferred from the available sequence should be consistent with the known biological characteristics of that groupof organisms.
Tissue-sequence correlates should be sought at the cellular level: efforts should be made to demonstrate specific in situ hybridization of microbialsequence to areas of tissue pathology and to visible microorganisms or to areas where microorganisms are presumed to be located.
These sequence-based forms of evidence for microbial causation should be
reproducible.
53
What is the R0 value and how is this used in epidemiology?
This is the basic reproductive number.
The expected number of cases arising from contact with an infected person capable of transmission.
Not biological constant
Dependent on the environment conditions and behavior of the population.
54
Epidemic
Disease occurrence among a population that is in excess of what is expected in a given time and place.
55
Cluster
Group of cases in a specific time and place that might be more than expected.
56
Pandemic
A disease or condition that spreads across regions.
57
Rate
Number of cases occurring during a specific period; always dependent on the size of the population during that period.
58
What are the types of studies that can be used to determine the spread of a pathogen?
Experimental and Observational.
Observational can be Descriptive or Analytic.
Description- Who, When, Where?
Analytic- How and Why?
59
What is an antiviral?
A compound that interferes with an aspect of a virus lifecycle in order to provide a medical treatment against viral infection.
Can be chemical or based on monoclonal antibodies.
Distinct from virocides as these just inhibit the virus, not kill.
60
What are the common targets for antivirals?
Host cell attachment.
Release of viral genes and proteins into the cell.
Viral replication.
Assembly of virion particles.
Release of virions from the host cell.
61
What is the difference between a targeted and broad-spectrum antiviral?
Targeted
:
Only impact a specific virus or related viruses
Example- antiretrovirals target retroviruses
Broad- spectrum impacts all viruses.
62
How do the different classes of antivirals discussed in class work?
Tragets
Hot cell attachment
Release of viral gnes and proteines into the cell
viral replication
Assembly of virion particles
relseaase of vriones form the cell
Entry inhibitors - HIV maraviroc binds to CCR5
- Enfuvirtide bninds to HIV gp41 and inhibits fustion of the hiv mebrane
- Ibalizumab is a monocloal antibofy that binds to CD4 and inhinits HIV gp binfing
Uncoating inhibitor- flu and in rhioviruse is prevnts cell attachent
63
What are the phases for development of antivirals?
Phase 1 trial small 20-30 people
Drug safe or not and ID side effects.
phase II- 100 - 300 people
side effects observed recorded.
DRUG is test in comparison to a placebo or other control to determine effeicay.
Phase III 1000- 3000 people
DRUG is candidate is compared to known treatments to determine its usefullness.
Phase IV-
Phase 1-3 need to be completed to ding drug to market. - Additional data on the safety and efficacy are recored to help determine what are the risks and the benefits of the drug.
CONSTANT SAFETY AND EFFICACY testing does not end EVER.
64
Why is taking medicine off label as an antiviral a really bad idea (think ivermectin)?
OFF Label in the sense of not correct dose and or not correct doses.
This could lead to negative side effects and even death in does it taking in large amounts that are not conducive to humans ie. Ivermectin for hoses and or other animals taking the dose for humans.
65
Which enzyme do all retro and pararetroviruses use?
Reverse transcriptase
Integrase
All of these
None of these
Reverse transcriptase
66
Which of the following are vectors of arboviruses?
All of these
Ticks
Mosquitoes
Aphids
All of these
67
What is an arbovirus?
None of these
A virus transmitted exclusively by insects
An arthropod-borne virus
A virus transmitted by trees
An arthropod-borne virus
68
What are the mouth part types for arthropods that transmit viruses?
Siphoning, sponging
Piercing-sucking, siphoning
Chewing, licking
Chewing, piercing-sucking
Chewing, piercing-sucking
69
Where do viruses that are circulative need to end up in the arthropod for transmission?
The mouth part
The hemolymph
The salivary glands
The hindgut
The salivary glands
70
What are the two major arthropods for transmission of human viruses?
All of these
Ticks and sandflies
Mosquitoes and fleas
Mosquitoes and ticks
Mosquitoes and ticks
71
Arboviruses only infect animals, humans and plants, true or false?
False
72
What role does the global trend towards warmer temperatures during some seasons play on the spread of arboviruses?
Viruses don't exist and are just a conspiracy to sell bug spray
It makes humans more susceptible to viruses
None
It allows the arthropod vector to adapt to colder regions that typically don't have those viruses
It allows the arthropod vector to adapt to colder regions that typically don't have those viruses
73
Viruses undergo both micro- and macroevolution. True or false?
True
74
What makes a new virus a different species?
None of these
< 90% nucleotide identity
The criteria depends on the species
< 90% amino acid identity
The criteria depends on the species
75
Which of the following best describes what a viral quasispecies is?
None of these
The range of sequences for a virus species that exist within a single host
Different strains of a virus
Virus isolates that are 99% identical
The range of sequences for a virus species that exist within a single host
76
Which of the following represent mechanisms for viral evolution?
Reassortment
Recombination
All of these
Polymerase error rate
All of these
77
How does the influenza A virus evolve?
Only through point mutations
As a result of pressure from vaccines
No one knows
Genome segment re-assortment, point mutations
Genome segment re-assortment, point mutations
78
Why was the damage that the Zika virus can cause to fetal neural tissue missed for so long?
Zika doesn't cause damage to neural tissue
None of these
Because the Brazilian strain does more damage to neural tissue and is a recently evolved strain
Not enough cases
Because the Brazilian strain does more damage to neural tissue and is a recently evolved strain
79
What is unique about SARS CoV-2 compared to SARS CoV?
SARS CoV-2 is adapted to efficiently use the human ACE2 receptor.
SARS CoV-2 was generated in a lab
SARS CoV is better adapted to infect humans
Nothing
SARS CoV-2 is adapted to efficiently use the human ACE2 receptor.
80
Viruses enter cells through:
Membrane fusion
Cell to cell transport
All of these
Endocytosis
All of these
81
How do viral fusion proteins allow for viral entry?
Through the formation of syncytiums
By allowing the virus to fuse to the receptors
By mediating endocytosis
None of these
Through the formation of syncytiums
82
What type of protein allows for plant viruses to move through the plasmodesmata?
Desmatins
Shuttle proteins
Movement proteins
None of these
Movement proteins
83
Viruses are able to use which cytoskeletal elements to move around the cell?
None of these
Microtubules only
Actin only
Actin and microtubules
Actin and microtubules
84
How do viruses get into the nucleus?
Viruses do not enter the nucleus
Magic
Endocytosis
Nuclear pores
Nuclear pores
85
Which of the following is not a way that viruses overcome cell defenses?
Generating super antigens
All of these are ways the virus overcomes cell defenses
Inhibiting interferons
Stopping gene expression of the host cell
All of these are ways the virus overcomes cell defenses
86
What is a viroplasm?
Something the professor made up
What happens when a virus infects the gut
A sub-cellular structure that viruses generate to
replicate within
None of these
A sub-cellular structure that viruses generate to
replicate within
87
Which cellular receptor is used by HIV to gain entry to cells?
TfR1
ACE2
CCR5
None of these
CCR5
88
What is a vaccine?
An agent that is administered in order to elicit an immune response to a specific pathogen
Something to make money
None of these
An evil substance meant to control people's minds
An agent that is administered in order to elicit an immune response to a specific pathogen
89
Which of the following are a type of vaccine:
All of these
Live attenuated
DNA/RNA
Inactivated
All of these
90
Which of the following is an example of a recombinant vector vaccine?
MMR
DTaP
All of these
Dengvaxia
Dengvaxia
91
Vaccines carry no risk, true or false?
false
92
What does vaccine effectiveness measure?
How well a vaccine leads to a response that prevents infection from the targeted pathogen
If there is any benefit to taking a vaccine
None of these
Vaccines are not effective
How well a vaccine leads to a response that prevents infection from the targeted pathogen
93
DNA/RNA vaccines work by causing a cell to make the appropriate antigens that are then presented for recognition by T and B cells. True or False?
True
94
Overall, do the risks of vaccination outweigh the benefits?
No
95
Fill in the blanks
96
What is epidemiology?
The study of how diseases spread
The study of disease causing organisms and public health
All of these
The study of how different treatments might effect spread of a disease and public health
All of these
97
Which of the following best describes a pandemic?
A disease that is always present in a population
A group of cases that are more than the normal amount at a given time
An epidemic on multiple continents
A localized outbreak
An epidemic on multiple contients
98
Which of the following has not been the cause of a viral pandemic?
Influneza A Virus
Yersinia pestis
Voriola Virus
SARS CoV-2
Yersinia pestis
99
Clinical testing ends as soon as a drug or vaccine is released to the marketplace. True or False
False
100
Which of the following is not a viral life cycle target for antivirals?
Replication
Virion exit from cells
Viral release into the cell
Virion assembly
Host cell attachment
All of these are targets
All of these are targets
101
What is one method for antiviral translation inhibition?
None of these
An antisense oligo binds to the viral RNA preventing translation
The antiviral causes the viral RNA to degrade
Tiny gnomes grab the viral RNA and push the ribosomes away with sticks
An antisense oligo binds to the viral RNA preventing translation
102
What type of viral replication strategy would an antiviral protease inhibitor interfere with?
Polyprotein
Multiple genome segments
Subgenomic RNAs
Ribosomal shunting
Polyprotein
103
Why is HAART effective for treating HIV?
Multiple antivirals with multiple viral life cycle targets are included which reduces the chances for resistance.
HAART doesn't work due to resistance
A single pill magically cures HIV
None of these
Multiple antivirals with multiple viral life cycle targets are included which reduces the chances for resistance.
