Test 1 Viro Flashcards by Dan Johnson

Baltimore classification for viruses is based on what characteristic?

The virion size

If the virus is beneficial or not

The type of nucleic acid in the genome

If the virion has a membrane

The type of nucleic acid in the genome

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Modern virus classification uses what characteristics to classify viruses?

The size of the virion

Nucleic acid genome type and the sequence of the virus

If the virus is likable or not

None of these

The size of the virion

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What are viroids?

A virus-like sequence that is integrated into the host genome

An small RNA virus that encodes for a single gene

None of these

Circular, infectious RNA molecules that do not encode for genes

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What is the organization that is in charge of virus classification?

There is no formal group for classifying viruses

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

The Virus Committee

None of these

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

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Why do viruses use diverse replication strategies?

Because of different evolutionary paths

Because it allows for stacked genomes

All of these

It allows for adaptation

All of these

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What is unique about the large DNA viruses compared to other viruses? Name three things mentioned in the lecture.

Three unique features of large DNA viruses compared to other viruses are that some can be seen under a light microscope. The second unique feature would be the viral hallmark genes, such as the jelly roll capsid. Lastly, they have genes that are not normally found in other viruses, such as ATP synthesis and methyl transferase, to name a few.

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Generally speaking, with the T value in icoashedral virions the higher the T value the more _______ a capsid is.

Oblong

Angular

Rounded

None of these

Rounded

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How many herpesviruses infect humans?

Five

Eight

129

Eight

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Why was SV-40 originally found associated with human cancers?

Because it causes cancer

It wasn’t found associated with cancer

The primers for detection also detected human polyomaviruses that are known to be associated with cancer in humans

None of these

The primers for detection also detected human polyomaviruses that are known to be associated with cancer in humans

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Why was a vaccine developed for the human papilloma viruses?

To make money for pharmacy companies

None of these

Some of these viruses cause cancer in the tissues they infect

To prevent warts

Some of these viruses cause cancer in the tissues they infect

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What virus caused smallpox?

Variola virus

Myxoma virus

Smallpox virus

All of these

Variola virus

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The smallpox vaccine is made from the Variola virus, true or false

True

False, it is made from Vaccinia virus

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A common feature of many large DNA viruses that infect eukaryotes is

These only infect amoebas

None of these

These infect humans

The virions are visible using a light microscope

The virions are visible using a light microscope.

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Bacteriophage virions are only found in the head-tail structure, true or false

True

False, there is a wide variety of virion structures

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ssDNA viruses are structured similarly to which of these?

Prokaryotic genomes

None of these

Eukaryotic genomes

Plasmids

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Which polio serotypes are extinct in the wild?

1 and 3

2 and 3

1, 2, and 3

2 and 4

2 and 3

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What is one feature shared by positive-sense RNA viruses?

The genome is in the same orientation as mRNA.

The viruses can begin translating proteins upon entry into the cell.

All of these

The RNA-dependent RNA polymerases share a common lineage.

All of these

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Which protein is found in almost all single-stranded DNA viruses?

A ligase

A DNA polymerase

Rep

A helicase

Rep

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One benefit for ssDNA viruses is that:

They only cause disease in bacteria

They encode for all the genes that they require

None of these

They are able to utilize host DNA replication, transcription and translation proteins

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What type of replication do ssDNA viruses undergo?

RNA replication

Rolling circle replication

None of these

Linear DNA replication

Rolling circle replication

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Give an example of a positive-sense RNA virus in the Secoviridae that infects plants

Potato virus Y

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

Tobacco ringspot virus

Rose rosette virus

Tobacco ringspot virus

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What is a common feature of the Picornavirales?

Use of a polyprotein

All of these

small icosahedral capsids

Linear genome

All of these

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Which genus of Picornaviridae includes the virus that causes polio?

Sopolycivirus

Aphthovirus

Enterovirus

Cardiovirus

Enterovirus

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Which serotypes of polio are extinct in the wild?

1 and 3

1 and 2

1 and 4

2 and 3

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What is the infection outcome from SARS CoV-2 that should have more attention than is being given?

Main take aways -highly contagous -low Ro does not meat we dont need to take it serious -Lean from the MERES, SARS and COVID-19 so we are not repteting the misakes of the past. My respoance: We should have learned our lessons that came with SARS Cov-1 and MERS. When SARS-Cov-2 came in December 2019 the measures that our government did not take the nessary steps to lower the Ro. Now we have new variants that are more transmissible such as the JN1. Its should be noted that while JN1 is more transmissible the death rate could be low. This does not mean we should take a low Ro lightly and we give sabor virus an in-depth analysis.

What is a common issue that all negative-sense RNA viruses must overcome and how do they do this?

Negavie-sence RNA Vrius are extremely infectous ( Ebola, Measles , Rabibes, Flu) and pant ones ( tomato spotted wit viurs). Some of the way that we can over come IPM streagies, Vaccination education, and better monitoring systems set in place inorder to become more effctive in managing the above issues.

All members of the Flaviviridae are transmitted by mosquitoes. True False

False Do not for get the ticks that Are able to transmit Flaviviridae Virus

A complication from having subsequent infections of multiple strains of Dengue is more severe disease. What causes this? The mosquitoes carry multiple viruses Antibody-dependent enhancement It allows for other viruses to infect at the same time Subsequent infection wipes the immune system memory

Antibody-dependent enhancement dengue and zika smae serotype antibobyies make for zika make it more worce

What is a TORCH pathogen? A pathogen that causes a burning sensation A pathogen that can cross the placental barrier None of these A non-viral pathogen

A pathogen that can cross the placental barrier

Which food product tends to carry norovirus? Pizza Beef Shrimp Oysters

Oysters Heat stable virus

Betacoronaviruses primarily infect which type of host? Reptiles Bats Mice Humans

Bats

Which virion shapes are common in +ssRNA plant viruses? Flexuous rods Icosahedral All of these Rigid rods

All of these

Why are plant viruses unlikely to infect humans? None of these They lack the proteins to enter human cells and overcome the host defenses Plant viruses do infect humans Humans aren't infected by any viruses that are related to plant viruses

They lack the proteins to enter human cells and overcome the host defenses

What is the current method for viral classification?

MOdified baltermore based on genes and genone type

What is the ICTV?

What taxonomic groups are there for viruses?

Modifited baltimore and the type of genone and sequence dsDNA virus share a comon ansertor and so on.

How are virus-like molecules approached?

Virodis ssRNA molces that are cicliar Re-trotanspsons

Who decides how viruses are classified?

ITCV

What is a viral hallmark gene and give exmaples?

These are viral genones that are ungiue to viral genomes REP jelly roll protenes Retrotransphson RNA-H

Describe the following replication strategies in the following viral genomes:

Divied gemoes mutiple segments

Describe the following replication strategies in the following viral genomes:

Big polyprotein - Protase will chop it to bits *Polumerase slippage*

Describe the following replication strategies in the following viral genomes:

Ambesence genes postive sence and negive (genes going in both direction) Divided genone polyportein Polymerase slippage

Describe the following replication strategies in the following viral genomes:

Leakey start codon subgenomes express others downstreem Frame shift ORF 1 RDRP Ribosomal frmaeshift Suppression of termination

What does the T symmetry mean and what capsid shape is it found in?

The higher the T number the more rounde it would be ( icoshideal) the bigger the more roundeed it the lower the number triangival ( less rounded)

Which herpesviruses infect humans?

What types of symptoms do human papillomaviruses cause?

What causes smallpox?

How do we protect against smallpox?

What types of smallpox vaccines are there and how do they work?

What types of shapes do bacteriophages have?

ssDNA viruses use which strategy to replicate?

RCA

What is rolling circle amplification?

Plomeraces (REP) replacate the genes and makes a long cattermert. They will get cleaved and ligated in to a new genome. Thicks the cell and polmerase in to doing it ( RCA) alll singale stranded DNA

Picornavirales includes which plant viruses?

Secoviridae Tabacoring spot virus ComoVerena

What is the cause of polio which genus and family does it belong to?

Enterovirus C, in the family of Picornaviridae???

How do we protect against polio and how effective has it been?

OPV or an oral vaccine that is more earlzy tranfesered and makes tranpoation more accable to underdeveploend contries.

What is antibody-dependent enhancement?

You have the antibodies with one strain interfests with the immunraspoace and is less effective andn you end up with a more server dease. dengue and zika smae serotype antibobyies make for zika make it more worce

What is a TORCH pathogen?

This is a pathogen that can cross the placental barrior Zekia HIV Plasomodesmotous ( in cat litter)

What are some examples of viruses that are TORCH pathogens?

Zeka Plasodemodouns

How is norovirus transmitted? What food product is often contaminated with norovirus?

Oysters and it is tranfers

What virion shapes are common in +ssRNA viruses?

Flexuous rods Icosahedral Rigid rods

What types of symptoms do filoviruses cause in humans?

Hemergic Fever

Rabies virus infects which tissue and what symptoms does it cause?

What symptoms does the measles virus cause?

Which virus related to measles has been eradicated through vaccination?

How are influenza A viruses classified?

H and N type proteins

Which hosts do bunyaviruses infect?

What symptoms does the mumps virus cause?

What family are rotaviruses in?

How many genome segments do rotaviruses have?

What types of symptoms do rotaviruses cause?

What types of diseases do filoviruses cause in humans

Hemorrhagic fevers

Rabies virus infects which tissue in mammals? Neural tissue The respiratory tract Gastrointestinal tissue The skin

Nerural tissue

What symptoms can the measles virus cause? High fever and rash Meningitis All of these Wipe immune memory

All of these

Which relative of the measles virus has been eradicated by vaccination? No related virus has been eradicated Cetacean virus Mumps virus Rinderpest virus

Rinderpest Virus

How are influenza A viruses classified? By their viulence All of these By the H and N proteins By how infectious they are

By the H and N proteins

Viruses in the Bunyavirales only infect one kingdom of organisms. True or false? No answer text provied Ture False No answer test ptovided

False

dsRNA viruses don't cause disease in humans. True or False? True No answer text provided. False No answer text provided.

False

Rotaviruses are in the same family as plant viruses. True or false? No answer text provided. True No answer text provided. False

true

How many genome segments fo rottavirus have? 11 2 10 8

Describe the following replication strategies in the following viral genomes:

Subgenomics Alteritive splicing Ribosomal framshift Altenative initation Useing GAG as an alternate start codeon. not AUG PRO poly protein

Describe the following replication strategies in the following viral genomes:

Circular genone seriese of opne reading frame where the Ribosomes can skip as it skips it will make less and less of the protein NOT subgenonme becase it it is a DNA vrius RIbosomal shunting is a big one