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Public health > Viral Zoonoses > Flashcards

Viral Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 patterns of transmission of pathogens?

A

Pattern 1
-> Actual transmission of pathogen from wild animals to humans
- -> maintains infection from human to human

Pattern 2
-> Direct / vector mediated animal to human
- -> rare transmission from human to human

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2
Q

Which of the follow belongs to pattern 1 ( Actual pathogen transmission ) / pattern 2 ( Direct / vector mediated animal to human transmission )?

Rabies ( or other lyssavirusses )
Nipah virus
Influenza A
Ebola virus
SARS ( Severe acute respiratory syndrome )
West Nile virus
Hantavirus
HIV ( Human immunodeficiency virus )

A

Pattern 1
-> Influenza A
-> Ebola virus
-> SARS
-> HIV

Pattern 2
-> Nipah virus
-> West Nile
-> Rabies
-> Hantavirus

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3
Q

What are the two gene / surface glycoproteins that determines different subtype of Influenza A virus?

A

HA ( Hemagglutinin )
NA ( Neuraminidase )

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4
Q

How many subtypes of HA & NA are there?

A

18 HA
11 NA

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5
Q

What are 2 categories of influenza that can infect human?

A

Swine influenza
Avian influenza

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6
Q

In swine influenza, which 3 subtypes can infect human?

A

H1N1
H1N2
H3N2

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7
Q

In Avian influenza, which 3 subtypes can infect human?

A

H5N1
H9N2
H7N9

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8
Q

Which of the following are the natural hosts of influenza A virus?

Wild waterfowl
Chickens
Ducks & other poultry
Pigs & other livestock

A

ALL :D

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9
Q

Are Influenza A viruses present in respiratory droplets & excreta of infected animals?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What are the 2 main ways for human to be infected by influenza?

A

Inhalation & contact with virus particles

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11
Q

What are the range of signs of birbs infected with Influenza A virus?

A

Sudden death w/ no clinical signs -> Much clinical signs

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12
Q

Avian influenza H5N1

Was H5N1 a direct transmission from infected poultry or was it a human - to - human transmission?

A

Direct transmission from infected poultry

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13
Q

Avian Influenza H7N9

In 2017, fifth wave of epidemic saw the first case of _____ H7N9 infection.

A

HPAI
Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza

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14
Q

What is the difference between antigenic drift & antigenic shift?

A

Antigenic drift
-> Point mutation

Antigenic shift
-> Reassortment of entire gene segment

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15
Q

Which animal is the mixing vessel for avian & human influenza A viruses?

A

Swine

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16
Q

Are children, adults, or elderlies that play a key role in spreading “ human to human “ influenza infections

A

Children

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17
Q

What are 4 ways of prevention & control for influenza A virus

A

Surveillance in pigs
Strict biosecurity measures
Good hygiene practices
Keep poultry away from contact w/ wild birbs

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18
Q

Should vaccination be considered as a solution to Avian influenza?
and why?

A

Nope

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19
Q

Can rabies infect all warm - blooded & cold blooded animals?

A

Only warm blooded

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20
Q

What is the mortality rate for rabies?

A

~100%

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21
Q

What are the main cause for human rabies?

A

Bites from infected dogs

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22
Q

Is rabies a vaccine preventable viral disease?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What are the 2 main source of infection ( animals ) in developing countries?

A

Dogs
Cats

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24
Q

What is the main wild animals with rabies in Taiwan?

A

Ferret badgers

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25
Q

What is the major source of human rabies in America?

A

Bats

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26
Q

Which 2 places are under an emerging public health threat of Bat rabies

A

Australia
Western Europe

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27
Q

What are the 2 periods after infection of rabies virus?

A

Incubation period
-> Dogs : 1 - 3 months

Contagious period
-> Dogs & cats : contagious 3 - 7 days before clinical symptoms
-> Bats : 12 days
-> Skunks : 8 days

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28
Q

What are the 3 phase of rabies infection in dogs?

A

Prodromal phase
-> Restlessness
-> Mild fever
-> Photophobia

Furious phase
-> Nervous
-> Salivating
-> Hiding in the dark

Paralytic phase
-> Paralyzed muscles
-> Falls into coma
-> Dies

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29
Q

What is the most effective way to eliminate rabies in dogs?

A

Vaccines

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30
Q

What is the most effective way to protect human from rabies virus infection?

A

Vaccines

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31
Q

How many doses of vaccines are required to produce sufficient protection?

A

3 doses
( day 0, 7, 21 / 28 )

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32
Q

Which 3 animals are mainly affected by West Nile Fever?

A

Birbs
Horses
Humans

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33
Q

Does West Nile virus has a extremely narrow / extremely broad host range?

A

Extremely board host range

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34
Q

Which animal was identified as the reservoir of the virus?

A

Wild birbs
-> Especially crows

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35
Q

Which animal acts as the carries ( vectors ) for West Nile virus?

A

Mosquitoes

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36
Q

Fill in the names of animals for the cycle of West Nile virus

West Nile virus normally circulate from ____ to ____ using ____ ( ____ ) as the vector, dead end host are mostly ____ & ____.

A

West Nile virus normally circulate from Birb to Bird using Mosquitoes (Culex sp) as the vector, dead end host are mostly Horses & Humans.

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37
Q

What type of disease is developed in horses infected by West Nile virus?

A

Neurologic disease

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38
Q

Most birbs are resistant to West Nile virus, however there is one birb that would show various degree of what disease?

A

Goose / Geese
-> Neurologic disease

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39
Q

Which type of birb are often under surveillance since if there are a bunch of dead ___, its probably caused by West Nile virus?

A

Crows

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40
Q

What is the most effective way of preventing West Nile virus infection for horses?

A

Vaccination

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41
Q

What is the key to preventing the spread of West Nile fever?

A

Control mosquito populations
KILL THEM ALL
DONT LET THEM SUCK

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42
Q

Who is the primary vector for Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)?

A

Mosquitoes

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43
Q

Which system is mainly affected on human if infected by JEV?

A

Nervous system

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44
Q

What are the 4 effects on pigs if infected by JEV?

A

Abortion
Stillbirth ( Tire dies stomach china )
Encephalitis
Testicular inflammation

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45
Q

What are the months of JEV epidemic season in Taiwan & what are the peaks months?

A

Epidemic season
-> May to October ( 5 - 10 )

Peak months
-> June to July ( 6 - 7 )

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46
Q

Which animal acts as an amplifiers for JEV?

A

Swine

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47
Q

Which animal other than swine is also involved in JEV amplification & spread, and can also be the reservoirs?

A

Birbs

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48
Q

Fill in the names of animals for the cycle of JEV

JEV normally uses ____ ( ____ ) as the vector, infecting amplifier host ___ & reservoir ____ , dead end host are mostly ____ & ____.

A

JEV normally uses Mosquitoes (Culex sp) as the vector, infecting amplifier host Pigs & reservoir Birbs , dead end host are mostly Humans & Domestic animals.

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49
Q

Can human directly transmit JEV to other humans?

A

Nope

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50
Q

In Taiwan, which animal are the reason of infected mosquitoes?

A

Pigs

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51
Q

Are mosquitoes infectious for life once infected?

A

YES

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52
Q

How long (days) are the viremic period in pigs & birbs?

A

2 - 5 days

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53
Q

What are the most effective way of preventing JEV infection other than “avoid mosquito bites” HURR DURR?

A

Vaccination

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54
Q

Which virus is Hendra virus related to?

A

Nipah virus

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55
Q

Which 2 types of diseases are caused by Hendra virus in human & horses?

A

Respiratory
Neurologic

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56
Q

Which animal is the natural reservoir for Hendra virus?

A

Flying fox ( Fruit bats )

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57
Q

Which 2 type of disease caused by Nipah Virus (NiV) in pigs?

A

Respiratory
Neurologic

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58
Q

Are NiV infection of pigs highly contagious?

A

YES

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59
Q

What type of cough does pigs infected by NiV display?

A

Barking cough
-> Porcine respiratory and neurological (encephalitis) syndrome
-> Barking pig syndrome

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60
Q

Which biosafety level pathogen is NiV on?
And why?

A

Biosafety level - 4
-> High pathogenicity in human
-> Lack of available vaccines / therapeutics

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61
Q

Which 3 locations in Asia had NiV outbreaks?

A

Malaysia / Singapore
Bangladesh
India

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62
Q

Which animal is the natural reservoir for NiV?

A

Flying foxes ( Fruit bats )

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63
Q

What is the main animal involved in the Malaysia / Singapore NiV outbreak?

A

Pigs

64
Q

How are human infected during the Malaysia / Singapore NiV outbreak?

A

Working as farmers & abattoir workers
-> Direct contact with pigs

65
Q

What is the main animal involved in the Bangladesh NiV outbreak?

A

Bats

66
Q

How are people infected during the Bangladesh & India NiV outbreak?

A

Consumption of raw palm sap
-> contaminated w/ saliva & excreta of bats

67
Q

Can NiV be transmitted by human - to - human contact?

A

YES
-> Bangladesh & India

68
Q

What are the 3 types of transmission for NiV?

A

Direct contact
-> e.g. Malaysia / Singapore
- -> Infected Pigs

Consuming food products
-> e.g. Bangladesh
- -> Palm sap / fruit contaminated
- - -> Infected Bats

Human to human
-> e.g. India
- -> e.g. Nosocomial
- - -> Through body fluids

69
Q

Are there an incubation period for NiV infection?

A

Yes

70
Q

How long is the incubation period for NiV infection?

A

4 - 14 days

71
Q

What are the symptoms of NiV infection?

A

Respiratory symptoms
Possible encephalitis

72
Q

Are there vaccines available for NiV?

A

Nope

73
Q

What is the 3 main ways of prevention & control for NiV?

A

Increase surveillance of animals & people
Increase research ecology of fruit bats
Minimize spread of virus within bats population

74
Q

Which organ does hepatitis E virus (HEV) infect?

A

Liver

75
Q

Is HEV an emerging zoonosis?

A

Yes

76
Q

How is HEV transmitted?

A

Fecal - oral transmission
-> contaminated food
-> contaminated water

77
Q

How many genotypes of HEV are known to infect human?
And what are they?

A

5
-> G1, G2, G3, G4, G7

78
Q

Which of the 5 genotypes are specific to human / specific to human & animals?

A

Specific to humans
-> G1
-> G2

Specific to humans & animals
-> G3
-> G4
-> G7

79
Q

Which genotype is high prevalent (usual) in wild & domestic pigs?

A

G3

80
Q

Which animal is the main reservoir for HEV?

A

Domestic pigs

81
Q

Can HEV be transmitted vertically?

A

Yes

82
Q

What are the difference in transmission in developed & developing countries?

A

Developed countries
-> Direct contact w/ viremic aniamls
- -> e.g. Pigs

Developing countries
-> Fecal contamination of water

83
Q

Does pig show clinical signs of infection?

A

Nope

84
Q

What are the 4 main prevention & control of HEV?

A

Biosecurity at farm - level
Cleaning & disinfecting livestock lorries
High hygiene practices

85
Q

What are the 4 global control for pandemic & zoonotic viral diseases?

A

International coordination
Improve surveillance system
Increase reseach on ecology
Next - generation vaccine development

86
Q

What is the 3 factors of variants of concern ( VOC ) for SARS - CoV - 2?

A

Increase in transmissibility
Increase in virulence
Decrease in effectiveness of available diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics

87
Q

Which transmission method is the reason why COVID - 19 pandemic is being sustained?

A

Human - to - human transmission

88
Q

What are the difference between small droplet nuclei & large particle size droplets?

A

Small droplet nuclei
-> Aerosols
- -> Inhalation

Large particle size droplets
-> Stays on ground or surfaces
- -> Inhalation
- -> Direct contact
- -> Indirect contact

89
Q

How long is the incubation period?

A

Within 14 days

90
Q

Infectious period

A

2 days before illness

91
Q

What are the 3 ways of diagnosis?

A

PCR
Antigen screening test
Serological test

92
Q

What does it mean low Ct in PCR?

A

The lower the Ct
The higher the virus load
The higher the infectivity

93
Q

What does serological test detects?

A

Antibodies

94
Q

Are there vaccines for Covid - 19?

A

yes lol

95
Q

Which animal is the reservoir for Monkeypox?

A

Rodents

96
Q

How is Monkeypox virus transmitted from animal to human?

A

Direct contact
-> body fluids
-> blood
-> damaged skin
-> mucous membranes
-> consuming infected animal

97
Q

Can human transmit Monkeypox virus to animals?

A

Yes

98
Q

How is Monkeypox transmitted from human to human

A

Close contact
-> droplet transmission
-> damaged skin
-> mucous membrane
-> contaminated items

99
Q

How long is the incubation period for Monkeypox?

A

Usually 6 - 13 days
Range from 5 - 21 days

100
Q

Can a person recover from monkeypox w/ any treatment?

A

Yes
-> Self - limited disease

101
Q

What is the most effective way to prevent monkeypox?

A

Vaccines

102
Q

What are some other prevention for monkeypox?

A

Cook meat thoroughly
Prevent unprotected contact with wild animals
Quarantine infected animals

103
Q

Does most viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) have cure or vaccines?

A

Nope
Most VHFs have no known cure or vaccine

104
Q

Does RNA / DNA viruses causes VHFs?

A

RNA viruses

105
Q

Can VHF viruses continue to spread from human - to - human?

A

Some VHF viruses can spread from person - to - person

106
Q

Which biosafety level pathogen is Ebola virus?

A

Biosafety level 4

107
Q

Which of the following were the causes of the two outbreaks?

Zaire (Ebola) virus
Sudan virus
Tai Forest virus
Bundibugyo virus

A

Zaire virus
Sudan virus

108
Q

What animal is the reservoir of Ebola virus?

A

African fruit bats

109
Q

Can ebolavirus cause severe illness in nonhuman primates?

A

Yes

110
Q

How are humans initially infected?

A

Contact w/ fruit bats or nonhuman primates
-> human - to - human transmission comes after

111
Q

What is the main transmission vector?

A

Blood & body fluid

112
Q

Can mosquitoes or other insects transmit ebolaviruses?

A

NOPE

113
Q

How long is the incubation period for ebolavirus infection?

A

2 - 21 days
-> usually 8 - 10 days

114
Q

Does the illness caused by ebolavirus usually progress from wet to dry symptoms or from dry to wet?

A

Dry to wet

Dry
-> Fever
-> Pain

Wet
-> Diarrhea
-> Vomitting

115
Q

Is vaccine available against ebolavirus?

A

Yes
-> only for Zaire ebolavirus though

116
Q

Which animal is affected by Marburg virus disease (MVD)?

A

Humans
Non - human primates

117
Q

What animal is the reservoir for Marbug virus?

A

Egyptian fruit bat

118
Q

Does primates with MVD have low / high mortality rate?

A

High mortality rate

119
Q

How is Marburg virus initially transmitted to human?

A

Infected Egyptian fruit bats to human
-> oral secretions
-> urine
-> feces

120
Q

Can Marburg virus be transmitted people - to - people?

A

Yes

121
Q

Are vaccines available for MVD?

A

Nope

122
Q

Which two syndrome is caused by Hantavirus infection?

A

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

123
Q

Where is Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) mostly found?

A

Europe
Asia

124
Q

Where is Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) found?

A

America

125
Q

Rate the follwing types of hantavirus that can cause HFRS in terms of mortality rate from highest to lowest

Hantaan virus
Seoul virus
Puumala virus
Dobrava virus

A

Hantaan virus, Dobrava virus > Seoul virus > Puumala virus

126
Q

What is so special about Seoul virus compared to other viruses?

A

It causes hepatitis

127
Q

What animal is the reservoir for hantavirus?

A

Rodents

128
Q

How long is the incubation period for HFRS?

A

1 - 2 weeks

129
Q

What are the difference between the initial symptoms & the late symptoms in HFRS?

A

Initial symptoms
-> Sudden
- -> Intense headache
- -> Abdominal pain
- -> Fever

Late symptoms
-> Shock
-> Kidney failure
-> Low blood pressure

130
Q

What are the difference between the initial symptoms and the late symptoms of HPS?

A

Initial symptoms
-> Fatigue
-> Fever
-> Muscle aches

Late symptoms
-> Coughing
-> Lung edema

131
Q

Is vaccine available for hantavirus?

A

NOPE

132
Q

Where is Lassa fever present in?

A

West Africa

133
Q

What animal is the reservoir for lassa virus?

A

Rodents

134
Q

What are 2 most common transmission pathway for Lassa virus?

A

Ingestion
Inhalation

135
Q

Where is Crimean - Congo hemorrhagic fever ( CCHF ) found?

A

Europe
Asia

136
Q

What animal is the vectors for CCHF transmission?

A

Tick
-> Ixodid (hard) ticks

137
Q

What animal is the reservoir for CCHF?

A

Ticks
-> Ixodid ( hard ) ticks

138
Q

What animals are the amplifying hosts for CCHF?

A

Wild & domestic animals
-> Cattle
-> Goats
-> Sheep
-> Hares

139
Q

How is CCHF transmitted human - to - human?

A

Contact of infectious blood / body fluids

140
Q

How does amplifying host transmit CCHF to human?

A

Contact of animal blood

141
Q

Is vaccines available for CCHF?

A

Not really

A vaccine is used on a small scale in Eastern Europe
-> Not safe
-> Not effective

142
Q

Is Rift valley fever (RVF) acute or chronic?

A

Acute

143
Q

What animal is the reservoir of RVF?

A

Mosquitoes

144
Q

What animal is the vector of RVF?

A

Mosquitoes

145
Q

What animals are commonly infected by RVF?

A

Domestic animals
-> Cattle
-> Buffalo
-> Sheep
-> Goats
-> Camels

146
Q

How is RVF transmitted from domestic animal to human?

A

Contact w/
-> blood
-> body fluids
-> tissues

147
Q

Can female mosquitoes transmit RVF to their offsprings?

A

Yes
-> Vertical transmission

148
Q

What are the rates for abortion for animals infected with RVF?

A

~100%

149
Q

Does most young / adult / old animals die after getting infected with RVF?

A

Most young animals that are infected die
-> Fatality rate among adult is lowww

150
Q

What animal is the vector for yellow fever?

A

Mosquitoes

151
Q

What is the name of the 3 transmission cycles?

A

Jungle ( Sylvatic )
Inter - mediate ( Savannah )
Urban

152
Q

What is the transmission cycle in jungle (sylvatic) & how is human infected?

A

Jungle cycle
-> non - human primates <=> mosquitoes
- -> When humans enter the jungle
- - -> monkey => mosquitoes => human

153
Q

What is the transmission cycle in intermediate (savannah) & how is human infected?

A

Intermediate
-> monkey => mosquitoes => humans
-> humans => mosquitoes => humans

154
Q

What is the transmission cycle in urban cycle & how is human infected?

A

Urban
-> human <=> mosquitoes

155
Q

Is vaccine available for yellow fever?

A

Yes

156
Q

What are the 4 reasons why bats are a important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses?

A

Ability to fly
Long life span
Population size
Bat immunology

157
Q

What is so special about bat immunology?

A

Immune tolerance
-> Bat can tolerate a lot of viral infection
- -> Allows mutation
- -> Carries virus around
Stuff like that i guess

Public health (2 decks)

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