Viral Zoonoses Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 2 patterns of transmission of pathogens?
A
Pattern 1
-> Actual transmission of pathogen from wild animals to humans
- -> maintains infection from human to human
Pattern 2
-> Direct / vector mediated animal to human
- -> rare transmission from human to human
2
Q
Which of the follow belongs to pattern 1 ( Actual pathogen transmission ) / pattern 2 ( Direct / vector mediated animal to human transmission )?
Rabies ( or other lyssavirusses )
Nipah virus
Influenza A
Ebola virus
SARS ( Severe acute respiratory syndrome )
West Nile virus
Hantavirus
HIV ( Human immunodeficiency virus )
A
Pattern 1
-> Influenza A
-> Ebola virus
-> SARS
-> HIV
Pattern 2
-> Nipah virus
-> West Nile
-> Rabies
-> Hantavirus
3
Q
What are the two gene / surface glycoproteins that determines different subtype of Influenza A virus?
A
HA ( Hemagglutinin )
NA ( Neuraminidase )
4
Q
How many subtypes of HA & NA are there?
A
18 HA
11 NA
5
Q
What are 2 categories of influenza that can infect human?
A
Swine influenza
Avian influenza
6
Q
In swine influenza, which 3 subtypes can infect human?
A
H1N1
H1N2
H3N2
7
Q
In Avian influenza, which 3 subtypes can infect human?
A
H5N1
H9N2
H7N9
8
Q
Which of the following are the natural hosts of influenza A virus?
Wild waterfowl
Chickens
Ducks & other poultry
Pigs & other livestock
A
ALL :D
9
Q
Are Influenza A viruses present in respiratory droplets & excreta of infected animals?
A
Yes
10
Q
What are the 2 main ways for human to be infected by influenza?
A
Inhalation & contact with virus particles
11
Q
What are the range of signs of birbs infected with Influenza A virus?
A
Sudden death w/ no clinical signs -> Much clinical signs
12
Q
Avian influenza H5N1
Was H5N1 a direct transmission from infected poultry or was it a human - to - human transmission?
A
Direct transmission from infected poultry
13
Q
Avian Influenza H7N9
In 2017, fifth wave of epidemic saw the first case of _____ H7N9 infection.
A
HPAI
Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza
14
Q
What is the difference between antigenic drift & antigenic shift?
A
Antigenic drift
-> Point mutation
Antigenic shift
-> Reassortment of entire gene segment
15
Q
Which animal is the mixing vessel for avian & human influenza A viruses?
A
Swine
16
Q
Are children, adults, or elderlies that play a key role in spreading “ human to human “ influenza infections
A
Children
17
Q
What are 4 ways of prevention & control for influenza A virus
A
Surveillance in pigs
Strict biosecurity measures
Good hygiene practices
Keep poultry away from contact w/ wild birbs
18
Q
Should vaccination be considered as a solution to Avian influenza?
and why?
A
Nope
19
Q
Can rabies infect all warm - blooded & cold blooded animals?
A
Only warm blooded
20
Q
What is the mortality rate for rabies?
A
~100%
21
Q
What are the main cause for human rabies?
A
Bites from infected dogs
22
Q
Is rabies a vaccine preventable viral disease?
A
Yes
23
Q
What are the 2 main source of infection ( animals ) in developing countries?
A
Dogs
Cats
24
Q
What is the main wild animals with rabies in Taiwan?
A
Ferret badgers
25
What is the major source of human rabies in America?
Bats
26
Which 2 places are under an emerging public health threat of Bat rabies
Australia
Western Europe
27
What are the 2 periods after infection of rabies virus?
Incubation period
-> Dogs : 1 - 3 months
Contagious period
-> Dogs & cats : contagious 3 - 7 days before clinical symptoms
-> Bats : 12 days
-> Skunks : 8 days
28
What are the 3 phase of rabies infection in dogs?
Prodromal phase
-> Restlessness
-> Mild fever
-> Photophobia
Furious phase
-> Nervous
-> Salivating
-> Hiding in the dark
Paralytic phase
-> Paralyzed muscles
-> Falls into coma
-> Dies
29
What is the most effective way to eliminate rabies in dogs?
Vaccines
30
What is the most effective way to protect human from rabies virus infection?
Vaccines
31
How many doses of vaccines are required to produce sufficient protection?
3 doses
( day 0, 7, 21 / 28 )
32
Which 3 animals are mainly affected by West Nile Fever?
Birbs
Horses
Humans
33
Does West Nile virus has a extremely narrow / extremely broad host range?
Extremely board host range
34
Which animal was identified as the *reservoir* of the virus?
Wild birbs
-> Especially crows
35
Which animal acts as the carries ( vectors ) for West Nile virus?
Mosquitoes
36
Fill in the names of animals for the cycle of West Nile virus
West Nile virus normally circulate from ____ to ____ using ____ ( ____ ) as the vector, dead end host are mostly ____ & ____.
West Nile virus normally circulate from *Birb* to *Bird* using *Mosquitoes* (*Culex sp*) as the vector, dead end host are mostly *Horses* & *Humans*.
37
What type of disease is developed in horses infected by West Nile virus?
Neurologic disease
38
Most birbs are resistant to West Nile virus, however there is one birb that would show various degree of what disease?
Goose / Geese
-> Neurologic disease
39
Which type of birb are often under surveillance since if there are a bunch of dead ___, its probably caused by West Nile virus?
Crows
40
What is the most effective way of preventing West Nile virus infection for *horses*?
Vaccination
41
What is the key to preventing the spread of West Nile fever?
Control mosquito populations
KILL THEM ALL
DONT LET THEM SUCK
42
Who is the primary vector for Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)?
Mosquitoes
43
Which system is mainly affected on human if infected by JEV?
Nervous system
44
What are the 4 effects on pigs if infected by JEV?
Abortion
Stillbirth ( Tire dies stomach china )
Encephalitis
Testicular inflammation
45
What are the months of JEV epidemic season in Taiwan & what are the peaks months?
Epidemic season
-> May to October ( 5 - 10 )
Peak months
-> June to July ( 6 - 7 )
46
Which animal acts as an amplifiers for JEV?
Swine
47
Which animal other than swine is also involved in JEV amplification & spread, and can also be the reservoirs?
Birbs
48
Fill in the names of animals for the cycle of JEV
JEV normally uses ____ ( ____ ) as the vector, infecting amplifier host ___ & reservoir ____ , dead end host are mostly ____ & ____.
JEV normally uses *Mosquitoes* (*Culex sp*) as the vector, infecting amplifier host *Pigs* & reservoir *Birbs* , dead end host are mostly *Humans* & *Domestic animals*.
49
Can human directly transmit JEV to other humans?
Nope
50
In Taiwan, which animal are the reason of infected mosquitoes?
Pigs
51
Are mosquitoes infectious for life once infected?
YES
52
How long (days) are the viremic period in pigs & birbs?
2 - 5 days
53
What are the most effective way of preventing JEV infection other than “avoid mosquito bites” HURR DURR?
Vaccination
54
Which virus is Hendra virus related to?
Nipah virus
55
Which 2 types of diseases are caused by Hendra virus in *human* & *horses*?
Respiratory
Neurologic
56
Which animal is the natural reservoir for Hendra virus?
Flying fox ( Fruit bats )
57
Which 2 type of disease caused by Nipah Virus (NiV) in *pigs*?
Respiratory
Neurologic
58
Are NiV infection of pigs highly contagious?
YES
59
What type of cough does pigs infected by NiV display?
Barking cough
-> Porcine respiratory and neurological (encephalitis) syndrome
-> Barking pig syndrome
60
Which biosafety level pathogen is NiV on?
And why?
Biosafety level - 4
-> High pathogenicity in human
-> Lack of available vaccines / therapeutics
61
Which 3 locations in Asia had NiV outbreaks?
Malaysia / Singapore
Bangladesh
India
62
Which animal is the natural reservoir for NiV?
Flying foxes ( Fruit bats )
63
What is the main animal involved in the Malaysia / Singapore NiV outbreak?
Pigs
64
How are human infected during the Malaysia / Singapore NiV outbreak?
Working as farmers & abattoir workers
-> Direct contact with pigs
65
What is the main animal involved in the Bangladesh NiV outbreak?
Bats
66
How are people infected during the Bangladesh & India NiV outbreak?
Consumption of raw palm sap
-> contaminated w/ saliva & excreta of bats
67
Can NiV be transmitted by human - to - human contact?
YES
-> Bangladesh & India
68
What are the 3 types of transmission for NiV?
Direct contact
-> e.g. Malaysia / Singapore
- -> Infected Pigs
Consuming food products
-> e.g. Bangladesh
- -> Palm sap / fruit contaminated
- - -> Infected Bats
Human to human
-> e.g. India
- -> e.g. Nosocomial
- - -> Through body fluids
69
Are there an incubation period for NiV infection?
Yes
70
How long is the incubation period for NiV infection?
4 - 14 days
71
What are the symptoms of NiV infection?
Respiratory symptoms
Possible encephalitis
72
Are there vaccines available for NiV?
Nope
73
What is the 3 main ways of prevention & control for NiV?
Increase surveillance of animals & people
Increase research ecology of fruit bats
Minimize spread of virus within bats population
74
Which organ does hepatitis E virus (HEV) infect?
Liver
75
Is HEV an emerging zoonosis?
Yes
76
How is HEV transmitted?
Fecal - oral transmission
-> contaminated food
-> contaminated water
77
How many genotypes of HEV are known to infect human?
And what are they?
5
-> G1, G2, G3, G4, G7
78
Which of the 5 genotypes are specific to human / specific to human & animals?
Specific to humans
-> G1
-> G2
Specific to humans & animals
-> G3
-> G4
-> G7
79
Which genotype is high prevalent (usual) in wild & domestic pigs?
G3
80
Which animal is the main reservoir for HEV?
Domestic pigs
81
Can HEV be transmitted vertically?
Yes
82
What are the difference in transmission in developed & developing countries?
Developed countries
-> Direct contact w/ viremic aniamls
- -> e.g. Pigs
Developing countries
-> Fecal contamination of water
83
Does pig show clinical signs of infection?
Nope
84
What are the 4 main prevention & control of HEV?
Biosecurity at farm - level
Cleaning & disinfecting livestock lorries
High hygiene practices
85
What are the 4 global control for pandemic & zoonotic viral diseases?
International coordination
Improve surveillance system
Increase reseach on ecology
Next - generation vaccine development
86
What is the 3 factors of variants of concern ( VOC ) for SARS - CoV - 2?
Increase in transmissibility
Increase in virulence
Decrease in effectiveness of available diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics
87
Which transmission method is the reason why COVID - 19 pandemic is being sustained?
Human - to - human transmission
88
What are the difference between small droplet nuclei & large particle size droplets?
Small droplet nuclei
-> Aerosols
- -> Inhalation
Large particle size droplets
-> Stays on ground or surfaces
- -> Inhalation
- -> Direct contact
- -> Indirect contact
89
How long is the incubation period?
Within 14 days
90
Infectious period
2 days before illness
91
What are the 3 ways of diagnosis?
PCR
Antigen screening test
Serological test
92
What does it mean low Ct in PCR?
The lower the Ct
The higher the virus load
The higher the infectivity
93
What does serological test detects?
Antibodies
94
Are there vaccines for Covid - 19?
yes lol
95
Which animal is the reservoir for Monkeypox?
Rodents
96
How is Monkeypox virus transmitted from animal to human?
Direct contact
-> body fluids
-> blood
-> damaged skin
-> mucous membranes
-> consuming infected animal
97
Can human transmit Monkeypox virus to animals?
Yes
98
How is Monkeypox transmitted from human to human
Close contact
-> droplet transmission
-> damaged skin
-> mucous membrane
-> contaminated items
99
How long is the incubation period for Monkeypox?
Usually 6 - 13 days
Range from 5 - 21 days
100
Can a person recover from monkeypox w/ any treatment?
Yes
-> Self - limited disease
101
What is the most effective way to prevent monkeypox?
Vaccines
102
What are some other prevention for monkeypox?
Cook meat thoroughly
Prevent unprotected contact with wild animals
Quarantine infected animals
103
Does most viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) have cure or vaccines?
Nope
Most VHFs have no known cure or vaccine
104
Does RNA / DNA viruses causes VHFs?
RNA viruses
105
Can VHF viruses continue to spread from human - to - human?
Some VHF viruses can spread from person - to - person
106
Which biosafety level pathogen is Ebola virus?
Biosafety level 4
107
Which of the following were the causes of the two outbreaks?
Zaire (Ebola) virus
Sudan virus
Tai Forest virus
Bundibugyo virus
Zaire virus
Sudan virus
108
What animal is the reservoir of Ebola virus?
African fruit bats
109
Can ebolavirus cause severe illness in nonhuman primates?
Yes
110
How are humans initially infected?
Contact w/ fruit bats or nonhuman primates
-> human - to - human transmission comes after
111
What is the main transmission vector?
Blood & body fluid
112
Can mosquitoes or other insects transmit ebolaviruses?
NOPE
113
How long is the incubation period for ebolavirus infection?
2 - 21 days
-> usually 8 - 10 days
114
Does the illness caused by ebolavirus usually progress from wet to dry symptoms or from dry to wet?
Dry to wet
Dry
-> Fever
-> Pain
Wet
-> Diarrhea
-> Vomitting
115
Is vaccine available against ebolavirus?
Yes
-> only for Zaire ebolavirus though
116
Which animal is affected by Marburg virus disease (MVD)?
Humans
Non - human primates
117
What animal is the reservoir for Marbug virus?
Egyptian fruit bat
118
Does primates with MVD have low / high mortality rate?
High mortality rate
119
How is Marburg virus initially transmitted to human?
Infected Egyptian fruit bats to human
-> oral secretions
-> urine
-> feces
120
Can Marburg virus be transmitted people - to - people?
Yes
121
Are vaccines available for MVD?
Nope
122
Which two syndrome is caused by Hantavirus infection?
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)
123
Where is Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) mostly found?
Europe
Asia
124
Where is Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) found?
America
125
Rate the follwing types of hantavirus that can cause HFRS in terms of mortality rate from highest to lowest
Hantaan virus
Seoul virus
Puumala virus
Dobrava virus
Hantaan virus, Dobrava virus > Seoul virus > Puumala virus
126
What is so special about Seoul virus compared to other viruses?
It causes hepatitis
127
What animal is the reservoir for hantavirus?
Rodents
128
How long is the incubation period for HFRS?
1 - 2 weeks
129
What are the difference between the initial symptoms & the late symptoms in HFRS?
Initial symptoms
-> Sudden
- -> Intense headache
- -> Abdominal pain
- -> Fever
Late symptoms
-> Shock
-> Kidney failure
-> Low blood pressure
130
What are the difference between the initial symptoms and the late symptoms of HPS?
Initial symptoms
-> Fatigue
-> Fever
-> Muscle aches
Late symptoms
-> Coughing
-> Lung edema
131
Is vaccine available for hantavirus?
NOPE
132
Where is Lassa fever present in?
West Africa
133
What animal is the reservoir for lassa virus?
Rodents
134
What are 2 most common transmission pathway for Lassa virus?
Ingestion
Inhalation
135
Where is Crimean - Congo hemorrhagic fever ( CCHF ) found?
Europe
Asia
136
What animal is the vectors for CCHF transmission?
Tick
-> Ixodid (hard) ticks
137
What animal is the reservoir for CCHF?
Ticks
-> Ixodid ( hard ) ticks
138
What animals are the amplifying hosts for CCHF?
Wild & domestic animals
-> Cattle
-> Goats
-> Sheep
-> Hares
139
How is CCHF transmitted human - to - human?
Contact of infectious blood / body fluids
140
How does amplifying host transmit CCHF to human?
Contact of animal blood
141
Is vaccines available for CCHF?
Not really
A vaccine is used on a small scale in Eastern Europe
-> Not safe
-> Not effective
142
Is Rift valley fever (RVF) acute or chronic?
Acute
143
What animal is the reservoir of RVF?
Mosquitoes
144
What animal is the vector of RVF?
Mosquitoes
145
What animals are commonly infected by RVF?
Domestic animals
-> Cattle
-> Buffalo
-> Sheep
-> Goats
-> Camels
146
How is RVF transmitted from domestic animal to human?
Contact w/
-> blood
-> body fluids
-> tissues
147
Can female mosquitoes transmit RVF to their offsprings?
Yes
-> Vertical transmission
148
What are the rates for abortion for animals infected with RVF?
~100%
149
Does most young / adult / old animals die after getting infected with RVF?
Most young animals that are infected die
-> Fatality rate among adult is lowww
150
What animal is the vector for yellow fever?
Mosquitoes
151
What is the name of the 3 transmission cycles?
Jungle ( Sylvatic )
Inter - mediate ( Savannah )
Urban
152
What is the transmission cycle in jungle (sylvatic) & how is human infected?
Jungle cycle
-> non - human primates <=> mosquitoes
- -> When humans enter the jungle
- - -> monkey => mosquitoes => human
153
What is the transmission cycle in intermediate (savannah) & how is human infected?
Intermediate
-> monkey => mosquitoes => humans
-> humans => mosquitoes => humans
154
What is the transmission cycle in urban cycle & how is human infected?
Urban
-> human <=> mosquitoes
155
Is vaccine available for yellow fever?
Yes
156
What are the 4 reasons why bats are a important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses?
Ability to fly
Long life span
Population size
Bat immunology
157
What is so special about bat immunology?
Immune tolerance
-> Bat can tolerate a lot of viral infection
- -> Allows mutation
- -> Carries virus around
Stuff like that i guess
