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DT4-Exam 1 > Viral STDs-Melissa*** > Flashcards

Viral STDs-Melissa*** Flashcards

1
Q

Human Papilloma Virus (polyomavirus):

Family, genome, capsid

A
  • Papovaviridae
  • Circular dsDNA
  • NOT Enveloped- NAKED!!, Icosahedral
  • NO BUDDING IN REPLICATION CYCLE BECAUSE THIS VIRUS IS NAKED!!
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2
Q

HSV:

Family, genome, capsid

A
  • Herpetoveridae
  • Linear dsDNA
  • Enveloped,Icosahedral
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3
Q

HIV:

Family, genome, capsid

A
  • Retroviridae
  • Linear ssRNA
  • Enveloped, Complex virus
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4
Q

Hepatitis B:

Family, genome, capsid

A
  • Hepadnaviridae
  • Circular, dsDNA
  • Enveloped, Icosahedral
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5
Q

Which 4 hepatitis viruses are sexually transmittable?

A
  • Hep C (flavivirus)
  • Hep D (Deltavirus)
  • Hep A (Picornavirus)
  • Hep B (Hepadnaviridae)

**Note that E is only fecal-oral

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6
Q

Molluscum contagiosum is caused by which virus?

When is this sexually transmittable?

A

Poxvirus infection; sexually transmittable in immunosuppressed patients

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7
Q

List two Herpetoviridae viruses other than HSV that can be transmitted sexually:

A
  • CMV

- HHV8 (Kaposi sarcoma virus)

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8
Q

List one retrovirus other than HIV that can be sexually transmitted:

A

-Human T cell leukemia Virus 1

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9
Q

List 4 factors that come into play when determining whether or not patient will become infected from sexually transmitted virus:

A
  • virulence of the virus (varying antigenicity?)
  • status of immune system
  • genetics (expression of receptors for virus)
  • pre-exisisting lesions?
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10
Q

What are two factors that make immune defense against STIs difficult?

A
  • alteration of antigenicity (i.e. HIV: gp120, gp41, p24)

- existence as multiple serotypes/ genotypes

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11
Q

SV40:
Which family is it in?
What two infections can it cause?

A

Papovaviridae

  • Lytic infection
  • Transformation
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12
Q

Describe the events of a lytic SV40 infection

+ Which cells does this occur in?

A

In permissive cells…(that allow replication)

Early:
Viral DNA–> early mRNA–> early proteins (T/t- antigens)

Late:
T antigens bind viral DNA–> genomic replication initiated–> Late mRNA–> late (structural) proteins–> virus assembly–> host cell LYSIS w/o budding

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13
Q

Describe the events of SV40 induced cell transformation:

+ what cells allow this infection?

A
  • NONPERMISSIVE cells that are NOT capable of replicaiton:
  • ONLY EARLY events occur: early mRNA–> T, t Ags
  • T, t Antigens bind cell DNA–> TRANSFORMATION INSTEAD OF REPLICATION!!!!
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14
Q

What happens to a cell when it transforms– what is lost/ gained?

A
  • Lose contact inhibition
  • Replicate w lower growth factor requirement
    =tumor formation
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15
Q

List 3 papovaviruses that cause human disease:

A
  • JC Virus: Progressive Multifocal Leukencephalopathy
  • BK Virus: Hemorrhagic cystitis
  • HPV: skin/ mucosal infection WITHOUT viremia

If you eat at Burger King God will punish you with bloody peeee🍔🍟

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16
Q

What are the 4 HPV viruses that can infect the anogenital tract?
What are the two modes of transmission?

A

HPV 6, 11, 16, 18

  • sexual transmission
  • direct contact with infected skin
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17
Q

Which layer of the skin does the HPV virus infect? In what cells does it replicate?

A

Basal layer infection (immature cells)–> Squamification / Keritiniization–> replication in mature cells to form papillomas and warts

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18
Q

What are the 4 morphologies of HPV infection?

Which can become cancerous cells?

A
  • Filiform (fibrous protrusion)
  • Flattened (plantar wart)
  • Cauliflower like (condyloma/ genital wart)
  • Dysplasia (cervix)

Skin + genital papillomas; cervical dysplasia–> ~cancer, esp with sun exposure (NAKED SUNBATHING?)

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19
Q

Where does HPV DNA remain latent?

A
  • latent in basal layer of skin and mucosa

- immunocompromise–> reactivation of infection

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20
Q

How do we treat skin papilloma/ dysplasia?

A
  • podophyllin from mandrake plant applied topically (rare)

- more commonly laser or surgical removal

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21
Q

Describe the characeristics of the HPV (QHPVV) vaccine:

  • What is the valence?
  • what is the antigen?
  • what is the vector?
A
  • Quadravalent: L1 from 6, 11, 16, 18 + Al adjuvent
  • HPVL1 protein (capsid protein)
  • Yeast vector
  • Patient will have immunity to 4 strains and possibly others
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22
Q

How is the QHPVV administered? When?

A

IM over 3 dose schedule (0. 2. 6 mos) between 11-12yoa (must be 9+yoa)

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23
Q

How do we test for HPV?

A
  • NO SEROLOGY testing (cant grow in tissue culture)

- Use nucelic acid bases analysis (PCR)

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24
Q

Primary mode of HIV transmission in undeveloped countries vs. developed countries:

A
  • undeveloped countries: heterosexual sex

- developed countries: MSM sex

25
Factors that increase HIV prevalence in developing countries? Why are the rates ^^ in Asia/ Africa?
- Preexisting STIs like syphilis chancres= route for infxn | - Asian and African strains have greater affinity for genital mucosal cells
26
4 factors increasing risk of HIV infection:
- uncircumcised males | + sketchy things: anal intercourse, multiple partners, promiscuous, unprotected sex
27
What is the HBV Dane particle?
core structure surrounded by envelope
28
HBV: What is the primary core particle? envelope particle? which is the particle that confers infectivity?
- HbcAg = core antigen - HbsAg= surface antigen - HbeAg = infectivity
29
How is HBV transmitted?
Blood, sex, transplacental
30
From where do herpesviruses acquire their envelope? | Where/ how do they replicate?
nuclear budding/replication, rolling circle/ concatemer replication
31
Describe how HSV2 infection occurs:
incubation 3-7days--> ulcers + regional lymph node swelling + flu sx. Lesions heal in *2 weeks*; virus latent in sacral ganglia
32
How do we dx and tx HSV infection?
Dx: specific Ab + immunofluorescence (HSV 1 vs 2) Tx: Acyclovir (can be given prodromal too), Valacyclovir, Famiclorvir
33
In what family is the Zika virus? Describe the genome + structure What is the vector for infection and where is it endemic?
-Flaviviridae (+ ssRNA; icosahedral, enveloped) Aedes aegypti/ albopictus Mosquitoes Endemic in South America, especially Brazil
34
What kind of infection can the Zika virus cause? | viremia?
- 80% limited disease - Pregnant woman can have fetal defects/ microcephaly - Guillan Barre Syndrome (suggests viremia)
35
When do the mosquitoes carrying zika virus lay their eggs?
Lay eggs in dry season--> dormant for 4 mos--> exposure to rain--> larvae w zika
36
List the viruses that can cause congenital infection due to *reactivation in mother* (4)
Polyomavirus CMV, EBV HSV 2, 1
37
List the viruses that can cause primary infections in mothers and their fetuses (3)
-Rubella -Zika virus -Parvo B19 (viruses from this lecture) ++ HIV, CMV, VZV, HSV, HBV (Classic DNA viruses)
38
Rubella Virus: Family, genome, structure Describe course of virus
- Togavirus (NOT an arbovirus!) - (+) ssRNA - Icosahedral, enveloped w/ spikes - starts as URI--> 2-3 wk incubation --> viremia (rash, nodes, congenital rubella syndrome)
39
Describe the typical adult/ child infection caused by rubella virus. What type of infection might it cause in women?
- Many have inapparent infection - URI, 3 day rash from face to limbs, PERIAURICULAR LYMPHADENOPATHY - Arthritis in females
40
Congeital Rubella syndrome: - When does it occur? - How does the disease cause infection? - What are six possible sx/ sequelae?
- first trimester (1st month = most severe) -CHROMOSOMAL DAMAGE (not lytic) --> PREVENTS NORMAL TISSUE GROWTH--> Mental retardation, cataracts, deafness, HSmegaly, possible Guillian Barre or death
41
How long are children with congenital rubella infectious to others? How and when do they transmit virus? How do we dx?
- secrete virus for 2 years - source of infection to others via nasal secretions and urine, usually in the spring - 4x rise IgM
42
Which strains of rubella virus are covered by the rubella vaccine? (2) What type of vaccine is it?
- RA 27-3 - Cendehill * Vaccine is LIVE ATTENUATED; recommended not to use on preggos, but "accidentally" found to be safe...
43
What are the two target populations for vaccination against rubella? Possible ADRs? What is the valence of the vaccine?
- Women of childbearing age - Kiddos under 12 mos (reservoir for infection) -allergic reaction to neomycin, arthritis in females like the virus -Trivalent vaccine covering measles, mumps, and rubella (Quadrivalent including varicella is available)
44
Dependovirus: Family, genome, structure? Can this virus cause human infection? How does it replicate?
- Parvovirdae - ssDNA - small, naked, 3 protein-icosahedral capsid *This is an incomplete virus that requires adenovirus or HSV to replicate; it can not cause human infection
45
Erythrovirus/ Parvovirus B19: | Family, genome, structure?
- Parvovirdae - ssDNA - small, NO ENVELOPE, 3 protein-icosahedral capsid
46
Describe the unique requirements for parvovirus replication: | Why is it common in babies?
- Small genome--> - Requires ACTIVELY DIVIDING cells to infect; can not carry its own machinery - Common fetal/ newborn infection because these guys have rapidly dividing cells
47
What are the 2 non-structural proteins coded for by parvovirus genome? What is their function?
NS1, NS2 --> promote replication cycle
48
What type childhood disease is caused by Erythrovirus/ Parvovirus B19? How does it present?
"Fifth Disease" or Erythema infectiosum | - "slapped cheek" MP rash
49
How is erythrovirus/ parvovirus B19 transmitted? What kind of disease might it cause in the event of congenital infection? What is one factor that influences the severity of outcome in congenital infection?
- Respiratory droplets - Primary infection of mother--> Congenital infection--> Death in utero or blood stuff (HSM/ anemia/ hydrops fetalis) * Worse outcome with infection during early gestational age
50
How do we test for erythrovirus/ parvo B19? | How much of the population is immunized?
Specific IgM or PCR | 50% of population unknowingly immunized
51
What are the two ways that CMV could cause congenital infection? Which causes fetal abnormalities? Is there a time in gestation when infections are worse?
- primary infection of the mother (more common, difficult to dx because typically asx) - reactivation of latent infection in LATE preggos (rare, WILL NOT LEAD TO FETAL ABNORMALITIES) *worse infection not associated with gestational age
52
What is one factor associated with frequency of congenital infection?
Lower maternal T cell response to CMV Ags --> | ^ rate fetal infection
53
What are some of the problems caused by congenital CMV infection (4)?
3 neuro, 2 heme - CNS; Auditory/ Vision loss - HSM; Thrombocytopenia purpura
54
VSV: family and genome?
- herpetoviridae (like CMV, Herpes) | - dsDNA
55
Under what circumstances can VSV cause congenital infection and what is the outcome of such infection?
- primary maternal infection during first trimester - causes limb, muscle, nerve defects *note that congenital infection due to reactivation is rare and infants can acquire the infection perinatally during partuition
56
How do we prevent congenital HIV infection? | What kind of virus is HIV?
- +SSRNA, retrovirdae - HAART heavy in last trimester to decrease viral load - c- section, no breastfeeding
57
What are some of the consequences of congenital HIV infection? (5)
- low birth weight - pneumonitis - thrush - HSM + diarrhea - CNS damage (same as HIV in adults basically!!)
58
HBV structure and family: | What are the three ways that HBV can cause congenital/ neonatal infection?
Hepadnavirdae: partial dsDNA - primary infection during preggos - chronic active HBV infection w ^ HbeAg - perinatally during partuition
59
How do we treat HBV in infants with congenital or perinatally transmitted HBV?
- pegylated IFN + antiHBV drugs - IMMEDIATE vaccination of ALL babies w/ HBV+ mothers - Hyper Anti-HBV-Ig

DT4-Exam 1 (17 decks)

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