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Microbiology > Viral Families and Diseases > Flashcards

Viral Families and Diseases Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the DNA families? (The rest are RNA families)

A 
Parvoviridae
Papillomaviridae
Polyomaviridae
Adenoviridae
Herpesviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Poxviridae
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2
Q

Which DNA viruses are icosahedral?

A 
Parvoviridae
Papillomaviridae
Polyomaviridae
Adenoviridae
Herpesviridae
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3
Q

Which DNA viruses are spherical?

A

Hepadnaviridae

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4
Q

Which DNA viruses are brick-shaped?

A

poxviridae

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5
Q

Which DNA viruses are naked?

A

parvoviridae
papillomaviridae
polyomaviridae
adenoviridae

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6
Q

Which DNA viruses are enveloped?

A

Herpesviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Poxyviridae

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7
Q

Which DNA virus is ds part circular?

A

hepadnaviridae

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8
Q

Which RNA virus is double capsid?

A

Reoviridae

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9
Q

Which RNA virus is helical and bullet-shaped?

A

rhabdoviridae

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10
Q

Which RNA virus is helical and filamentous?

A

filoviridae

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11
Q

Which RNA viruses (x4) are naked? (the rest are ?)

A

picornaviridae
calicciviridae
HepEviridae
Reoviridae

rest are enveloped

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12
Q

Which RNA virus has ds segmented nucleic acid?

A

reoviridae

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13
Q

Which RNA virus is ss + linear diploid?

A

retroviridae

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14
Q

Which RNA viruses have segmented nucleic acid?

A

B - bunyaviridae
O - orthomyxoviridae
A - arenaviridae
R - reoviridae

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15
Q

What are signs of initial viral infection? (3x)

A
  1. production of double-stranded RNA, which induces interferon
  2. presentation of surface antigen thus activating cytotoxic T-cells, NK cells, and sometimes antibodies (dx by immunoassays)
  3. formation of intracellular inclusion bodies (in cytoplasm or nucleus, rarely both) (dx with microscopy)
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16
Q

Define cytology

A

observation of virus-induced cytopathologic effects (CPE) on cell

17
Q

What are the 5 main lab findings used in viral histology to confirm clinical dx of a viral infection? Name the viral cause(s) of each finding. (Can you classify each virus into RNA or DNA?)

A
  1. Cowdry type A nuclear inclusion bodies - HSV, VZV
  2. Negri bodies - rabies
  3. cell lysis - enterovirus
  4. Nuclear owl’s eyes inclusions - CMV
  5. syncytia (multinucleated cells formed by cell fusion) - HSV, VZV, HIV
18
Q

In electron microscopy, how are viral particles observed? (2 ways)

A
  1. viewed directly

2. using specific immunoglobulin to clump them together (IgG)

19
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosis of viral disease?

A

isolate and culture the etiologic agent; or PCR

20
Q

Viral detection can be observed by which 2 ways?

A
  1. cytopathologic effects (CPE)
  2. hemagglutinins - cells infected with influenza, parainfluenza, mumps, toga virus express hemadsorption receptors (hemagglutinin) that cause erythrocytes to bind to the infected cell surfaces (hemagglutination)
21
Q

In the terms of viral quantization define:

  1. Tissue culture dose (TCD50)
  2. Lethal dose (LD50)
  3. Infectious dose (ID50)
  4. Plaque-forming units
A
  1. the titer of virus causing CPE in 50% of the tissue culture cells
  2. the titer of virus killing 50% of the test animals
  3. the titer of virus infecting 50% of test animals
  4. the conc. of particles capable of producing a hole (absent abundant growth) in culture plates (CPE can also be the end-point in this calc) **know equation from lab (colonies/dilution = original conc/volume plated)
22
Q

Virus-specific ___ indicates recent infection.

A

IgM

23
Q

Describe virus-specific seroconversion.

A

a 4-fold increase in titer between acute and convalescent phases (~3 weeks apart) proves identity of disease agent.

24
Q

Titer - how far can a serum sample be diluted and still ________.

A

Test positive

25
Q

In viral serology, antibody develop starts ____. Early Ig are produced against ____ while late Ig are produced against ____.

What is the relevance of antibody timing?

A

7-10 days after infection starts

early Ig - against host cell or vision surface antigens (envelop, capsid antigens)

late Ig - against internal antigens (nuclear antiques)

antibody timing may define the stage of infection

26
Q

Describe cell lysis in terms of host damage due to viral replication.

A

bacteriophage fills up cells causing them to burst. animal virus cytolysis tends to result from a hypersensitivity reaction

27
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions that tend to result in cytolysis? Describe each.

A

(A) Type I - uncommon, IgE on mast cells reacts with viral components and trigger ANAPHYLAXISS

(C) Type II - IgG and/or IgM, complement, and viral components absorbed in cell membrane induce CYTOLYSIS

(I) Type III - IgG and/or IgM antibodies form complexes with viral antigen and complement, generating neutrophil chemotactic factors, with resultant local tissue INFLAMMATION and destruction

(D) Type IV - antibodies not inlaid, sensitized T-lymphocytes react directly with viral antigen producing inflammation and cytolysis; DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY; 2nd most common allergic reaction to viruses

28
Q

What is the toxic substance produced during a herpesvirus infection?

What test would be positive if an organism was infected by herpesvirus?

A

syncytia - multi-nucleated protoplasmic mass formed by cell fusion

positive Tzanck test

29
Q

Describe cell transformation. What does this process involve?

A

certain viruses will remain dormant in cell and eventually transform cell into a malignant cell; involves the integration of viral nucleic acid into the host chromosome

30
Q

What well known RNA virus can suppress host immune mechanisms?

A

HIV

31
Q

What are 3 structural alterations that viruses can induce in a host cell that are important for diagnosis? (examples of each)

A
  1. cytoplasmic changes (e.g. inclusion bodies, vacuoles)
  2. nuclear changes (e.g. pyknosis - nucleus pushed to eccentric position in cell, inclusion bodies)
  3. membrane changes - membrane projections (e.g. hemagglutinin), incorporation of viral proteins into membrane leading to production of antibodies against cell membrane and eventual lysis.
32
Q

What kinds of cytoplasmic changes are caused by:

  1. myxoviruses (mumps)
  2. rabies virus
  3. poxviruses
A
  1. cause eosinophilia and formation of Feulgen-negative cytoplasmic inclusions
  2. produce large eosinophilic mass in cytoplasm
  3. cause formation of Feulgen-positive cytoplasmic inclusions which contain virions
33
Q

What kinds of nuclear changes are caused by:

  1. rabies virus
  2. herpesvirus
  3. adenovirus
  4. poxvirus
  5. measles virus
A
  1. pyknosis
  2. nuclear inclusions, margination and coarsening of chromatin, polykaryocytosis (many nuclei in the same cytoplasmic field)
  3. nuclear inclusion
  4. margination and coarsening of chromatin
  5. polykaryocytosis

Microbiology (5 decks)

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