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Microbiology > Introduction to Infectious Diseases (Due to Prions or Viruses) > Flashcards

Introduction to Infectious Diseases (Due to Prions or Viruses) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define each principle of infectious disease:

  1. infection
  2. asymptomatic infection
  3. colonization
A
  1. organisms producing pathology
  2. no obvious pathology but immune response is observed
  3. no pathology
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2
Q

What are the stages of infection?

A
  1. Encounter

2. Envasion

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3
Q

Describe the first stage of infection in terms of the two types of sources.

A

1st stage (encounter) - when etiologic agent meets host; two sources:

  1. exogenous sources: humans, insects, animals, food, water, air, soil, fomites (fetus lives in a sterile environment which can be breached by only a few organisms that may produce congenital infections
  2. endogenous sources: most infections are caused by opportunistic common flora
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4
Q

What are the portals of entry?

A
  1. inhalation and aspiration
  2. ingestion
  3. sexual activity
  4. spread/invasion
  5. epidermal (transcutaneous) penetration
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5
Q

What are two ways pathology can occur without entry? Describe/provide examples. (What is critical to organisms entering via the first mechanism?)

A
  1. infection without epidermal penetration: cholera, traveler’s diarrhea, whooping cough; adhesions are critical to these organisms
  2. intoxication: e.g. food poisoning agents such as Clostridium botulinum, S. aureus, Bacillus cereus
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6
Q

Define multiplication and spread in terms of pathology. What are factors of this?

A

Expansion of infection and pathology. Factors include:

  1. inoculum size (potential for infection increases with the number of organisms that gain entry)
  2. multiplication vs. immune system (contest often determines the state of the infection
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7
Q

What is the basis of pathology or damage?

A

The result of infection. tissue damage is caused directly by toxins and enzymes, or indirectly by an overactive immune response which is very common in chronic infections

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8
Q

What are Koch’s 4 postulates?

A
  1. specific organism should be shown to be present in all cases of animals suffering from a specific dz but not found in healthy animals. (SEE SXS CAUSED BY ORGANISM OF INTEREST IN INFECTED HOST)
  2. specific microorganisms should be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure culture (ISOLATE/SEPARATE)
  3. inoculating isolated microorganism should cause this game disease seen in the original animal
  4. microorganism should be re-isolated in pure culture from the experimental infection
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9
Q

Convalescence

A

the time period following the illness; convalescent individual may still harbor the pathogen and be a carrier

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10
Q

acute infection

A

develops rabidly, usually febrile and of short duration (days)

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11
Q

chronic infection

A

develops slower, milder and with long-lasting symptoms (months)

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12
Q

fulminant infection

A

sxs appear suddenly and intensely, explosive, very strong sxs

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13
Q

local infection

A

confined or localized to a specific site or organ (systemic sxs may involve toxin production)

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14
Q

systemic infection

A

infection and pathology involves many body sites or organs

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15
Q

retrograde infection

A

microbial invasion proceeds through a tube or duct against the direction of fluid-flow; common problem in UTIs

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16
Q

pyogenic infection

A

pus-forming

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17
Q

mixed or polymicrobic infections

A

infection involving two or more organisms

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18
Q

disease or pathology

A

a state of impaired or abnormal anatomy or physiology

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19
Q

pathognomonic

A

a sign, sx, or pathologic finding uniquely characteristic of a single disease

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20
Q

normal flora

A

microorganisms that are always found inhabiting the human host in absence of pathology

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21
Q

idiopathic

A

pathology, sxs, dz of causing a disease or pathology

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22
Q

pathogen

A

organism capable of causing dz or pathology

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23
Q

frank or strict pathogens

A

organisms not known to inhabit humans without causing disease; presence of IgG in serum is good proof of pathogenicity

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24
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

infection depends chiefly on heatlh status of the host

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25
Q

virulence

A

the ability to produce an infection; highly virulent - need only a few number of organisms to overcome immune systems

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26
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to cause dz or patholgoy

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27
Q

contagious or communicable diseases

A

normally, theses diseases are spread from one individual to another

28
Q

zoonosis (zoonotic diseases)

A

diseases transmitted to man form infected animals (reservoir) often via a vector (tick, other blood feeding insects); ex. lyme disease

29
Q

endemic disease

A

a disease is more-or-less constantly present in a given geographic area

30
Q

epidemic disease

A

occurence of disease in an area exceeds normally expected levels

31
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic

32
Q

symbiosis; mutualistic vs. commensal vs. parasitic

A

two species living in a relationship

mutualistic - both benefit
commensal - one benefits, other does not but also no harm
parasitic - one benefits while causing harm (and no benefit) to other

33
Q

carrier

A

mildly (often chronically) infected individual that transmits the pathogen or disease to others

34
Q

nosocomial

A

infections that develop while staying in a hospital

35
Q

iatrogenic

A

infections associated with surgery; caused by surgeon

36
Q

What does the severity of viral infections depend on? (x4)

A
  1. patient’s ability to resolve an infection before it involves organs or causes sig. damage
  2. target tissue
  3. virulence of the virus
  4. ability of the body to repair the damage
37
Q

Most viral diseases will show similar initial symptoms of ____________. These are due to _________ that are induced by many viruses.

A

initial sxs: fever, malaise, anorexia, headaches, body aches

due to interferon and cytokines induced by viruses

38
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

Conjunctivitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. redness, itch, dc, vision is OK; watery dc, associated-URT (bacterial, thick); only conductive is inflamed
  2. adenovirus, measles, rubella
39
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

Keratitis and Keratoconjunctivitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. keratitis - pain, vision loss; only the cornea is inflamed; keratoconjunctivitis - inflammation of both cornea and conductive; redness, pain, vision loss
  2. adenovirus, coxsackie, enterovirus 70, herpes simplex I virus, varciella-zoster
40
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

cataracts

*know what it looks like

A
  1. clouding of lens; vision loss, painless

2. rubella virus

41
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

chorioretinitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. inflammation of choroid and retina; blurry vision, floaters
  2. cytomegalovirus
42
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

blindness

*know what it looks like

A
  1. loss of vision; primarily associated with trachoma (a chronic eye disease)
  2. herpes simplex I virus, scarring from recurring dz
43
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

viral (aseptic) meningitis

(what sxs are associated with viral and bacterial meningitis)

*know what it looks like

A
  1. fever, headache, inflammation of meninges; viral - mild, fussy, meningeal signs; bacterial - severe with confusion
  2. viral: coxsackie A and B viruses, herpes simplex II, adenovirus, mumps
44
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

encephalitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. inflammation of parenchyma of brain; fever, HA, confusion
  2. herpes simplex virus I, arboencephalitis viruses
45
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

common cold

A
  1. watery coryza, sneezing, stuffiness; viral infection of the lining of the mucosa
  2. rhinovirus, corona virus
46
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

pharyngitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. erythematous, sore throat, pain on swallowing; viral is mild fever, bacterial is more severe fever
  2. adenovirus, coxsackie A virus
47
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

tonsillitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. enlarged tonsils, sore throat

2. adenovirus, coxsackie A virus

48
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

otitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. pain, muffled hearing, sleep disturbance

2. respiratory syncytial virus, mumps

49
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

sinusitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. HA, sinus pressure, stuffiness

2. respiratory syncytial virus, mumps

50
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

parotitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. swollen glands, constant pain

2. mumps virus

51
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

laryngitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. hoarseness, clearing throat, URT

2. parainfluenza 1, parainfleunza 2

52
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

croup

*know what it looks like

A
  1. harsh, bark cough (associated with acute bronchitis)

2. rhinovirus, coronavirus

53
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

acute bronchitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. cough, phlegm, dyspnea, URT; viral-mycoplasmal: white phlegm, bacterial: yellow-green phlegm; don’t need CXR
  2. rhinovirus, coronavirus
54
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

acute bronchiolitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. <2yo, cough, dyspnea, URT

2. respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus 3

55
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

pneumonia (atypical vs typical)

*know what it looks like

A
  1. productive cough, dyspnea, CXR+;
    atypical - mild fever, white phlegm, patchy CXR (indicates viral myoplasmal);
    typical - high fever, thicker phlegm, consolidated CXR (bacterial)
  2. respiratory syncytial virus (infants), parainfluenza virus (infants), influenza
56
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

Gastroenteritis (viral vs bacterial)

*know what it looks like

A
  1. N/V/D, abd pain, dehydration (tearless, sunken fontanel, eyes);
    viral - watery, non-bloody;
    bacterial - bloody or not
  2. rotavirus A, norovirus
57
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

Hepatitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. inflammation of liver; fever, nausea, vomiting, RUQ pain, jaundice, itching
  2. Hepatitis A, B, C
58
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

Macular rash

*know what it looks like

A
  1. fever, erythematous, painless, freckle-like

2. measles virus, rubella virus, HHV6, erythrovirus 16, epstein-barr

59
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

vesicles

*know what it looks like

A
  1. pain after ulceration, possible fever, blister-like rash

2. herpes simplex I, herpes simplex II, varicella-zoster virus, coxsackie A virus

60
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

nodules

*know what it looks like

A
  1. painless, e.g. wart-like

2. papilloma virus 6, 11, 42

61
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

cervicitis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. painful urination, purulent discharge

2. human papillomavirus (16, 18, 31, 45)

62
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

genital warts

*know what it looks like

A
  1. nodules, painless

2. human papillomavirus (6, 11, 42)

63
Q

Define/describe:

cystitis vs urethritis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. dysuria (urgency, frequency, suprapubic pain); bladder (urethritis = with urethra)
64
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

pyelonephritis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. dysuria, fever, flank pain (usually bacterial)

2. BK virus

65
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

myalgia

*know what it looks like

A
  1. muscle pain

2. coxsackie B

66
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

arthritis

*know what it looks like

A
  1. joint pain with rash

2. B19 parvovirus, rubella, chronic hep B, togavirus

67
Q

Define/describe, list potential agents for:

heart/pericardial

*know what it looks like

A
  1. dyspnea, abnml ekg

2. coxsackie B virus

Microbiology (5 decks)

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