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Parasitology/Virology > Viral Encephalitis > Flashcards

Viral Encephalitis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of encephalitis?

A

Inflammation of brain

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2
Q

What is the definition of meningoencephalitis?

A

Inflammation of brain and meninges

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3
Q

What is the definition of encephalomyelitis?

A

Inflammation of brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What are symptoms/signs of encephalitis?

A 
Depressed or altered level of consciousness, changes in personality or ataxia
PLUS
One or more of the following:
- Fever
- Seizures
- Focal neurological deficits
- CSF pleocytosis
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5
Q

What are major viral causes of encephalitis?

A

Enteroviruses, HSV, other herpes viruses

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6
Q

What family is West Nile Virus in?

A

Flaviviridae

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7
Q

What are characteristics of genome/structure of Flaviviridae?

A

ss (+) RNA
pH dependent uncoating
Replicates in cytoplasm
Virus assembles at ER/Golgi

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8
Q

How is West Nile virus transmitted?

A

Mosquito (Culex)

Rarely blood transfusion, or verticl

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9
Q

What cytokine may help facilitate neuroinvasion with West Nile virus?

A

TNFalpha

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10
Q

What is clinical presentation of West Nile virus?

A

80% asymptomatic
20% non-secific febrile illness
~1% neuroinvasive disease (encephalitis or encephalomyelitis)

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11
Q

What is the reservoir for West Nile?

A

Birds

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12
Q

In what population is there highest incidence of neuroinvasive disease and highest mortality due to WNV?

A

elderly

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13
Q

What is a flavivirus very similar to WNV?

A

St. Louis Encephalitis virus

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14
Q

What family does Eastern and Western Equine encephalitis viruses fall in?

A

Togaviridae

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15
Q

What are characteristics of genome/structure of Togaviridae?

A

Nonsegmented

(+) ss RNA

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16
Q

What is clinical presentation of EEEV?

A

Abrupt onset shills, fever, malaise, arthralgia, myalgia
Encephalitis develops later
Higher mortality in encephalitis patients

17
Q

What is clinical presentaiton of WEEV?

A

Asymptomatic or mild systemic illness with fever, malaise, myalgia
Small number develop encephalitis later
Lower mortality in encephalitis patients

18
Q

What family does La Crosse (california) virus fall in?

A

Bunyaviridae

19
Q

What are characteristics of genome/structure of Bunyaviridae?

A 
Enveloped 
Segmented
(-) ssRNA
Replicates in Cyoplasm
Assembles at Golgi
20
Q

What are clinical manifestations of La crosse virus?

A

Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, lethargy
Neuroinvasive (encephalitis) more common in children
Seizures common
Low mortality

21
Q

What transmits La crosse virus?

A

Mosquito from small mammals (chipmunks, squirrels)

22
Q

What family does Rabies virus fall in?

A

Rhabdoviridae

23
Q

What are characteristics of genome/structure of Rhabdoviridae?

A

Enveloped
(-) ss RNA
Bullet-shaped

24
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Rabies?

A

Enters muscle cells, replicates slowly
Enters motor nerve, travels rapidly via retrograde transport to spinal cord
Virus spreads rapidly through spinal cord and brain
Virus disseminates via PNS throughout body including skin, salivary glands, heart

25
Q

What is the histopathological hallmark of Rabies?

A

Negri bodies in neurons

26
Q

If you generate effective neutralizing antibodies to Rabies, why are they not protective?

A

Antibody response doesn’t begin until after infection of CNS

Too little too late

27
Q

What animal do most cases of rabies come from worldwide?

A

Dogs

28
Q

What animal do most cases of rabies come from in US?

A

Bats

29
Q

What are clinical manifestations of rabies?

A

Incubation period - symptom free
Prodrome and early symptoms: fever, malaise, pain, or paresthesia at bite site
Acute neurologic disease
Death

30
Q

What symptoms are included in the acute neurologic disease caused by rabies?

A

Agitation, delerium, hallucinations, bizarre behavior, hydrophobia
Autonomic dysfunction: tachy-bradycardia, hyper-hypotension, excessive salivation and sweating, pupillary dilation
Muscle spasms, myoclonus, seizures

31
Q

How is rabies diagnosed?

A

Direct flourescent antibody from skin biopsy

PCR

32
Q

What is treatment for rabies?

A

Wound care
Call public health authorities
Passive immunization with rabies immunoglobulin
Active immunization with series of IM rabies vaccine injections

Parasitology/Virology (19 decks)

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