violent crime Flashcards
violent crime
general category of crime that includes homicide, attempted murder, robbery, assault, and other serious offences that involve the physical violation of a person
homocide
When a person directly or indirectly by any means causes the death of a human being. Can be culpable or non culpable homicide
culpable homicide
criminal offence under the criminal code of Canada and includes murder, manslaughter, and infanticide
non-culpable homicide
justifiable and/or excusable homicide
justifiable homicide
includes legally authorized acts such as when a police officer takes another life in line of duty
excusable homicide
includes self defence, defence of others, or defence of ones property
1st degree murder
culpable homicide that is planned and deliberate
2nd degree murder
there is intention but cannot prove that it was planned
manslaughter
unintentional killing of another individual (eg drinking and driving)
infanticide
Occurs when a female individual causes the death of her newly born child (under the age of 1 year old)
Through deliberate actions or through acts of omission (neglect of care/needs), can be intentional or unintentional
rates and trends of homicide
increase in homicides in 2020 (covid lockdowns)
intimate partner violence accounts for 1/3 of homicides each year
stabbings most common, but firearms have surpassed stabbings in 2016 and have continued to surpass in 2020
mass murder
killing of a number of people at the same time and location. Often ends with the murderer dying at the scene (take own life or law enforcement takes action)
serial murder
killing of a number of people over a period of time
serial killer trends
- most are white men 20-30s
- most likely to kill vulnerable strangers
- 10-15% female, usually older in age than males & kill someone they know
- often have abuse in family, abuse alcohol and have mental health issues
- more likely to have lower education level/be employed in lower status positions
Holmes and DeBurger: serial killer contributing factors
Bizarre behaviour in childhood, sociopaths (immune to victims suffering), mental illness, sexual frustration, neurological damage, neglect, childhood anxiety
visionary serial killer
Usually are the result of some form of psychosis
Killer is out of touch of reality (psychotic break), feel compelled to commit killings (voices, visions, psychosis)
mission-oriented serial killer
Mission in life to kill certain groups or kinds of people
People they believe are undesirable, a threat to society, the cause of all society’s ills
In order to have a better society, it is up to the killer to eliminate that particular group
hedonistic serial killer
Thrill seekers
Get excitement and sexual pleasure from their acts
Kill because they like it and get pleasure from killing
Typically above average in intelligence, shown in ability to avoid being caught
Not a lot of planning that goes into their killings, emotional rush from killing
power/control oriented
Very methodical in their planning
Enjoy having complete control over their victims
Sexual activity is often involved but they don’t get the sexual pleasure, satisfaction comes from the power and control they exert over the victim
what type of killer is robert pickton?
mission-oriented
sexual assault
Assault committed in circumstances of a sexual nature such as the sexual integrity of the victim being violated
characteristics of s/a perpetrators (age)
Most are male (median age 33)
Women median age is 28
characteristics of victims
- median age of 18, male victims younger than female
- most assaulted by someone they know
- women between 15-24 significantly more likely to be victims than 55+
- male victims more likely to be assaulted by non-parent family member & authority figures
- female victims more likely to be assaulted by casual acquaintance or parent
- indigenous women 3x more likely to be victim
reasons s/a victims give for not reporting crimes (7)
- incident wasn’t “important enough” to report
- incident was a private matter
- incident was being dealt with in another way
- victim did not want to deal with police, or feared police would not consider incident important
- feel responsible for part of relationship that led to sexual assault
- feel ashamed or embarrassed
- did not believe offender would be adequately punished
___ women face reprisal when reporting s/a in the workplace
7/10
hate crime
crime in which the perpetrator’s conduct is motivated by bias, hatred, or prejudice regarding the actual or perceived race, ethnicity, colour of an individual’s skin, religion, national origin, gender, disability, or sexual orientation of another group or individual
thrill-seeking hate crimes
Derive a sadistic sense of satisfaction from threatening and/or terrorizing a targeted group, go out seeking someone to attack
reactive hate crimes
Perpetrators perceive an outsider as a threat, that person becomes a victim
Often act out of a misguided sense of righteousness and loyalty to their group/community
Rationalize their behaviour as being a defensive stance that needs to be taken against an outsider group—these groups seen as threatening to their community
Often increase when high profile events involve a particular group (covid-19 originating in china, hate crimes towards asian groups)
mission hate crimes
Think it is their duty and right to seek out and eliminate people who they believe threaten their religious beliefs, their racial purity, or position of power
Rarest and most dangerous of perpetrators
Looking to destroy an entire group of individuals
difference between the terms murder and homicide
murder: unlawful, often planned and deliberate taking of another person’s life
homicide: encompasses first and second degree murder, infanticide, and manslaughter
general theory of crime
sociological perspective asserting that criminal behaviour is a product of defective socialization processes that make it difficult for a potential offender to exercise self-control
power-control theory
perspective that focuses on how power dynamics, patriarchy, and gender role socialization within the family contribute to delinquency and crime
level 1 assault (aka common assault)
no serious bodily harm/physical injury to the victim
level 2 assault
more force or threatened force (eg with weapon) is used, and a degree of bodily harm is inflicted by the offender, such as broken bones, bruises, or cuts. slap across the face does not constitute a level 2 assault
level 3 assault (aggravated assault)
victim is disfigured, maimed, wounded, or has his or her life endangered
___ reports of sexual assault are dismissed by the police as “unfounded”
1/5
primary predictor of sexual assault, according to Hanson and Morton-Bourgon (2005)
anti-social orientation
women with ___ are more at risk of sexual victimization. why?
higher levels of education, because men are threatened by better-educated and more successful women
family violence
any form of abuse, mistreatment or neglect that a child or adult experiences from a family member, or from someone with whom they have an intimate relationship
incidences of robbery do or do not relate to changing levels of social inequality?
do not
honour killings
homicide committed against a relative (usually female) who has brought dishonour upon the family, typically through a relationship with a person the family disproves of, or by not behaving in an appropriate manner according to strict cultural tradition
4 forms of hate crime
- advocating genocide
- publicly inciting hatred
- wilfully promoting hatred
- vandalism in relation to religious property
