unconventional crime Flashcards
white-collar crime
Refers to illegal activities conducted by employees and officers of a company for personal gain or for the benefit of the company
corporate crime
Involves illegal acts deliberately carried out by employees to benefit the corporation’s financial performance
similarities & differences between white-collar and corporate
Both take place in business world, differ in who benefits from illegal activity
individual benefits = white-colar crime
corporation benefits = corporate crime
occupational crime
Crimes in which a person takes advantage of their occupation to commit fraud, embezzlement, and theft
Non-white collar workers who commit crime within the course of their occupations
cybercrime
any crime that involves the use of computer technology or the internet
black hat hackers
Hackers with good computer skills
Seeking to cause harm, whether it be for profit, revenge, or for the thrill
white hat hackers
Hackers with good intentions, seeking to expose vulnerabilities in secure networks so they can be patched or repaired
See themselves as acting altruistically; doing it for the good of the network
grey hat hackers
Those who hack for personal gain; may also be seeking to improve security
Controversial because it straddles between illegal and legal activities
Ex: protest movements
suicide hackers
Intent is to cause harm, have no concern about being caught, seek to create havoc
opportunity reduction strategies
designed to prevent crime by minimizing the opportunities for criminal behavior to occur and can take three forms: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
primary prevention
addresses the environmental conditions that promote crime by, for example, maintaining streets, fixing broken windows, and generally cleaning up disorganized communities
Limitations: residents monitor crime problem; heightened fear, citizen vigilantism
secondary prevention
focuses on identifying potential offenders and targets (people, places, situations, times, etc.) and intervening before a crime is committed
E.g. educate youth about hazards of drugs, hot-spot policing
Limitations: crime displacement, discriminatory practices
tertiary prevention
focuses on preventing individuals who have already violated the law from reoffending
Limitations: does not prevent crime from occurring, but does reduce risk of victimization by repeat offenders
Restorative justice initiatives
restorative justice
mediation model emphasizing restitution & community participation, aimed at rehabilitating offenders & reintegrating them back into their communities. social rather than moral responsibility. Ex: apology, financial compensation. Level of public shaming involved, offendors forced to face accusers/victims as well as those there to support the victim. Goal to repair harm
principles underlying restorative justice
Emphasizes social over moral responsibility
Public shaming
Should respect all parties involved
Calls for emotional, physical, social, and spiritual restitution rather than revenge or retribution
White collar crime and restorative justice
Research has suggested that restorative justice may increase the likelihood of deterring offenders from reoffending
organized crime
illegal activity conducted by individuals or groups acting in consort, typically involving extortion, fraud, theft, smuggling, or the sale of illicit products
smurfing
banking industry term describing transactions designed to avoid triggering the filing of reports required by law
victimless crimes
crimes w/ no identifiable victim, either because the activities are consensual (gambling) or because the activities are directed against a corporate entity rather than an individual
neutralization
theory that criminals draw on a set of techniques to temporarily neutralize or suppress their internal moral obligation to abide by the law which allows them to overcome their natural hesitation to commit a crime
cyberwarfare
government-sponsored acts of cybercrime undertaken against the government or infrastructure of another country
identity fraud
using stolen identity information for personal gain, to avoid arrest, or to harm the reputation of the person whose identity is used
corporate espionage
form of theft targeting large companies or government networks to steal protected info
sexual interference
illegal act of touching the body of someone under 16 for sexual purposes
sexual exploitation
illegal act of sexual touching with a young person when the offender is in a position of trust/authority or when the victim is in a position of dependency
liberal approach definition
approach to crime control that focuses on alleviating social inequalities and providing legitimate opportunities for everyone; originates in the belief that humans are naturally and fundamentally good
liberal approach emphasizes
addressing social and economic problems as underlying causes of crime
achieving social reform
treating and rehabilitating offenders
conservative approach
approach to crime control that relies on the CJS to deter and incapacitate criminals by incarcerating offenders; originates in a belief that all humans possess the capacity for both good and evil
conservative approach emphasizes
controlling crime to preserve status quo
emphasis on conventional crime
incarceration
expanding size, reach, and authority of police
maintaining social control even if it means compromising individual freedoms
critical approach
approach to crime control that attempts to eliminate structural inequalities that are the basis of capitalism
critical approach emphasizes
adopting anti-establishment view of social order
viewing capitalist competition for wealth as underlying motivator of crime
using unofficial sources to indicate crime is not concentrated in lower economic groups but in all social classes
examining non-conventional crime committed by privileged groups
shifting focus from offender to social system
calling for construction of fundamentally different social system
integrated and interdisciplinary approach
approach to crime control that attempts to combine two or more complementary theories as well as knowledge from at least two disciplinary perspectives to produce theories of behaviour that can better serve as the basis for intervention and prevention strategies
integrated and interdisciplinary approach emphasizes
handling crime as its principal objective, as opposed to controlling it or solving problems behind it
views criminal behaviour as human behaviour
stresses interaction between human and environment (nature vs nurture)
adopts “soft deterministic” approach to study of human behaviour
areas posing challenges for criminology and crime control
computer crimes, international sex and organ trade, smuggling of migrants, transnational organized crime groups, corporate crime, environmental crime, and drug trafficking, international money laundering gemstone swindles, land sale frauds, terrorism
comparative criminology
study of crime patterns and prevention methods in diverse cultural and national settings
authority conflict pathway (development pathway leading to serious, violent, and chronic offending)
stubborn behaviour progresses to authority avoidance (staying out late, running away)
covert pathway (development pathway leading to serious, violent, and chronic offending)
develops when young people become secretive and then progress to overt behaviour like property damage, which can escalate to serious acts like B&E and theft
overt pathway (development pathway leading to serious, violent, and chronic offending)
begins with minor aggression and progresses to more serious violence (assault and sa)
social development
primary prevention strategy that uses community-based programs to make people more aware of their risk of being victimized
circle sentencing
offender meets with victim(s), community elders, and representatives of the justice system to present their views of the offence and its consequences and what will be required to make amends
