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crime and society > unconventional crime > Flashcards

unconventional crime Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

white-collar crime

A

Refers to illegal activities conducted by employees and officers of a company for personal gain or for the benefit of the company

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2
Q

corporate crime

A

Involves illegal acts deliberately carried out by employees to benefit the corporation’s financial performance

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3
Q

similarities & differences between white-collar and corporate

A

Both take place in business world, differ in who benefits from illegal activity
individual benefits = white-colar crime
corporation benefits = corporate crime

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4
Q

occupational crime

A

Crimes in which a person takes advantage of their occupation to commit fraud, embezzlement, and theft
Non-white collar workers who commit crime within the course of their occupations

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5
Q

cybercrime

A

any crime that involves the use of computer technology or the internet

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6
Q

black hat hackers

A

Hackers with good computer skills
Seeking to cause harm, whether it be for profit, revenge, or for the thrill

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7
Q

white hat hackers

A

Hackers with good intentions, seeking to expose vulnerabilities in secure networks so they can be patched or repaired
See themselves as acting altruistically; doing it for the good of the network

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8
Q

grey hat hackers

A

Those who hack for personal gain; may also be seeking to improve security
Controversial because it straddles between illegal and legal activities
Ex: protest movements

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9
Q

suicide hackers

A

Intent is to cause harm, have no concern about being caught, seek to create havoc

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10
Q

opportunity reduction strategies

A

designed to prevent crime by minimizing the opportunities for criminal behavior to occur and can take three forms: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention

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11
Q

primary prevention

A

addresses the environmental conditions that promote crime by, for example, maintaining streets, fixing broken windows, and generally cleaning up disorganized communities
Limitations: residents monitor crime problem; heightened fear, citizen vigilantism

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12
Q

secondary prevention

A

focuses on identifying potential offenders and targets (people, places, situations, times, etc.) and intervening before a crime is committed
E.g. educate youth about hazards of drugs, hot-spot policing
Limitations: crime displacement, discriminatory practices

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13
Q

tertiary prevention

A

focuses on preventing individuals who have already violated the law from reoffending
Limitations: does not prevent crime from occurring, but does reduce risk of victimization by repeat offenders
Restorative justice initiatives

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14
Q

restorative justice

A

mediation model emphasizing restitution & community participation, aimed at rehabilitating offenders & reintegrating them back into their communities. social rather than moral responsibility. Ex: apology, financial compensation. Level of public shaming involved, offendors forced to face accusers/victims as well as those there to support the victim. Goal to repair harm

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15
Q

principles underlying restorative justice

A

Emphasizes social over moral responsibility
Public shaming
Should respect all parties involved
Calls for emotional, physical, social, and spiritual restitution rather than revenge or retribution

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16
Q

White collar crime and restorative justice

A

Research has suggested that restorative justice may increase the likelihood of deterring offenders from reoffending

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17
Q

organized crime

A

illegal activity conducted by individuals or groups acting in consort, typically involving extortion, fraud, theft, smuggling, or the sale of illicit products

18
Q

smurfing

A

banking industry term describing transactions designed to avoid triggering the filing of reports required by law

19
Q

victimless crimes

A

crimes w/ no identifiable victim, either because the activities are consensual (gambling) or because the activities are directed against a corporate entity rather than an individual

20
Q

neutralization

A

theory that criminals draw on a set of techniques to temporarily neutralize or suppress their internal moral obligation to abide by the law which allows them to overcome their natural hesitation to commit a crime

21
Q

cyberwarfare

A

government-sponsored acts of cybercrime undertaken against the government or infrastructure of another country

22
Q

identity fraud

A

using stolen identity information for personal gain, to avoid arrest, or to harm the reputation of the person whose identity is used

23
Q

corporate espionage

A

form of theft targeting large companies or government networks to steal protected info

24
Q

sexual interference

A

illegal act of touching the body of someone under 16 for sexual purposes

25
Q

sexual exploitation

A

illegal act of sexual touching with a young person when the offender is in a position of trust/authority or when the victim is in a position of dependency

26
Q

liberal approach definition

A

approach to crime control that focuses on alleviating social inequalities and providing legitimate opportunities for everyone; originates in the belief that humans are naturally and fundamentally good

27
Q

liberal approach emphasizes

A

addressing social and economic problems as underlying causes of crime
achieving social reform
treating and rehabilitating offenders

28
Q

conservative approach

A

approach to crime control that relies on the CJS to deter and incapacitate criminals by incarcerating offenders; originates in a belief that all humans possess the capacity for both good and evil

29
Q

conservative approach emphasizes

A

controlling crime to preserve status quo
emphasis on conventional crime
incarceration
expanding size, reach, and authority of police
maintaining social control even if it means compromising individual freedoms

30
Q

critical approach

A

approach to crime control that attempts to eliminate structural inequalities that are the basis of capitalism

31
Q

critical approach emphasizes

A

adopting anti-establishment view of social order
viewing capitalist competition for wealth as underlying motivator of crime
using unofficial sources to indicate crime is not concentrated in lower economic groups but in all social classes
examining non-conventional crime committed by privileged groups
shifting focus from offender to social system
calling for construction of fundamentally different social system

32
Q

integrated and interdisciplinary approach

A

approach to crime control that attempts to combine two or more complementary theories as well as knowledge from at least two disciplinary perspectives to produce theories of behaviour that can better serve as the basis for intervention and prevention strategies

33
Q

integrated and interdisciplinary approach emphasizes

A

handling crime as its principal objective, as opposed to controlling it or solving problems behind it
views criminal behaviour as human behaviour
stresses interaction between human and environment (nature vs nurture)
adopts “soft deterministic” approach to study of human behaviour

34
Q

areas posing challenges for criminology and crime control

A

computer crimes, international sex and organ trade, smuggling of migrants, transnational organized crime groups, corporate crime, environmental crime, and drug trafficking, international money laundering gemstone swindles, land sale frauds, terrorism

35
Q

comparative criminology

A

study of crime patterns and prevention methods in diverse cultural and national settings

36
Q

authority conflict pathway (development pathway leading to serious, violent, and chronic offending)

A

stubborn behaviour progresses to authority avoidance (staying out late, running away)

37
Q

covert pathway (development pathway leading to serious, violent, and chronic offending)

A

develops when young people become secretive and then progress to overt behaviour like property damage, which can escalate to serious acts like B&E and theft

38
Q

overt pathway (development pathway leading to serious, violent, and chronic offending)

A

begins with minor aggression and progresses to more serious violence (assault and sa)

39
Q

social development

A

primary prevention strategy that uses community-based programs to make people more aware of their risk of being victimized

40
Q

circle sentencing

A

offender meets with victim(s), community elders, and representatives of the justice system to present their views of the offence and its consequences and what will be required to make amends

crime and society (5 decks)

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