Vineyard Managment/Viticulture Flashcards
When does aroma accumulation begin?
most considerable aroma accumulation will occur roughly in the 40 days after véraison commences, varietal dependent.
When does aroma accumulation begin?
most considerable aroma accumulation will occur roughly in the 40 days after véraison commences, varietal dependent.
Gas chromatography (GC)
Gas chromatography (GC) is a method of detecting individual volatile compounds and associated levels in wine.
Aromatic effect of limestone, gravel, clay, clay-silt and sandy soils.
Limestone and clay-silt soils typically have higher aromatic concentrations, as do well-drained gravelly soils. Wines that grow in clay soil have been shown
to produce significantly higher floral and sweet aromas. On the other
hand, wines grown in sandy soils will tend to introduce more herbaceous and chemical aromas.
one of the most important aroma compounds?
linalool (extremely sensitive to sunlight)
Although vine training and canopy management may be utilized to address sunlight exposure and grape production-related issues, there needs to be more developmental understanding:
comparing how different canopies influence aroma and flavor compounds. Although difficult to produce accurate results due to, micro climates, canopy management, species age etc.
nitrogen treatment later at the fruit-set stage results in:
higher levels of aroma protective glutathione and lower levels of phenolics.
Methoxypyrazines develop
Prior to véraison
What is the ideal number of sunshine hours for optimal climate conditions?
1500-1600 hours
Reds need more sunshine for phenols to ripen.
How does wind affect climate in relation to agriculture?
It influences climate and disease resistance.
What is the optimum temperature range for photosynthesis?
23-25 C
What does ‘diurnal range’ refer to?
The variation in temperature between day and night
What are the two types of ripening mentioned?
Fast ripening, Slow ripening
What is the ideal annual precipitation for many areas?
Approximately 700 mm
True or False: Precipitation needs to fall at the right time for it to be effective.
True
What is alluvium?
Sediment composed of silt, sand, and gravel
Alluvium is typically found in riverbeds and floodplains.
Define clay in the context of soil.
Sediment or soil made up of very fine particles
Clay has high plasticity and can retain water.
What type of rock is granite?
Rock composed of quartz, feldspar, and minerals
Granite is an igneous rock known for its durability.
What characterizes gravel?
Soil with obvious pebbles
Gravel is often used in construction and landscaping.
What is an ironpan?
Iron-rich layer of clay
Ironpans can hinder drainage and root penetration.
What is limestone primarily composed of?
Calcium carbonate
Limestone is often used in construction and as a soil amendment.
What is loam?
Sand, silt, and clay in about equal parts
Loam is considered ideal for gardening due to its fertility.
Define loess.
Fine clay and silt deposited by wind
Loess is often found in areas with significant wind erosion.
What is sandstone?
Sedimentary rock of sand grade particles
Sandstone is commonly used in building materials.
What is marl?
Limestone and clay
Marl is often used as a soil conditioner.
What type of rock is schist?
Coarsely crystalline metamorphic rock
Schist is known for its foliation and can contain various minerals.
What is silt?
Quartz and feldspar coarser than sand
Silt is important for soil fertility and water retention.
Life cycle of a vine
- Bud Break
-Flowering
-Fruit Set
-Veraison
-Harvest
-Dormancy
What are crosses in the context of plant reproduction?
Produced by fertilizing the flower of one variety with the pollen of another
What follows the fertilization process in crosses?
The planting of the grape seeds that are the product of the cross-pollination
Can crosses occur naturally?
Yes, crosses can be the result of human intervention or can be natural
What is a hybrid in the context of viticulture?
A hybrid is a type of cross which marries two varieties of different species
Hybrids are often created to combine desirable traits from both species.
Why were hybrids originally created?
Hybrids were originally created because some American vines are quite resistant to powdery mildew
This resistance makes hybrids valuable for certain growing conditions.
Are hybrids allowed in commercial wine production in Europe?
No, hybrids are banned in Europe for commercial wine production
This reflects a preference for traditional grape varieties in European winemaking.
In which regions are hybrids considered important?
Hybrids are important in some regions of the new world
These regions may rely on hybrids for their resistance and adaptability.
What is clonal selection?
Process where individual vines are selected from a grape variety on the basis of certain attributes
Clonal selection focuses on specific desirable traits in grapevines.
Define a clone in the context of clonal selection.
A vegetative propagation of a single parent plant
Clones are genetically identical to the parent plant.
What is the opposite of clonal selection?
Selection massale
Selection massale involves selecting cuttings from the mass of the vineyard rather than individual plants.
Is clonal selection considered a good practice?
It depends on various factors
The benefits and drawbacks of clonal selection can vary based on specific vineyard conditions and goals.
Common Rootstocks are
Riparia
Rupestris
Berlandieri
A x R1
St. George
What are common problems affecting plants?
Mildew and Fungus, Anthracnose, Black rot, Botrytis Cinerea (Gray Rot), Eutypa Dieback (Dead Arm Disease), Oïdium (Powdery Mildew), Peronospera (Downy Mildew)
These are various diseases and issues that can impact plant health.
What is Anthracnose?
A fungal disease affecting various plants, causing dark lesions on leaves and stems.
Anthracnose can lead to significant crop loss if not managed properly.
What is Black rot?
A disease that affects grapes, leading to dark, sunken lesions on fruit and leaves.
Black rot can severely impact grape yield and quality.
What is Botrytis Cinerea commonly known as?
Gray Rot
Botrytis Cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that affects a variety of plants, particularly in humid conditions.
What does Eutypa Dieback cause in plants?
It causes a condition known as Dead Arm Disease, affecting vine health and productivity.
This disease can lead to stunted growth and reduced yields in affected plants.
What is Oïdium more commonly referred to as?
Powdery Mildew
Oïdium is a fungal disease characterized by white, powdery spots on leaves.
What is Peronospera known as?
Downy Mildew
Peronospera is a fungal pathogen that thrives in moist conditions and can cause significant damage to crops.
What are the main causes of ESCA and young vine decline?
Several fungi that act alone, in combination, or in succession.
Name a fungal pathogen involved in young vine decline in British Columbia.
Phaeomoniella chlamydospora
Name a fungal pathogen involved in young vine decline in Italy.
Phaecacremonium aleophilum
Which regions are mentioned as being affected by young vine decline?
- British Columbia
- Italy
- California
True or False: ESCA is caused by bacteria.
False
What is Young Vine Decline?
A disease complex with various names and manifestations
List some other names for Young Vine Decline.
- Black measles
- Esca
- Young esca
- Petri disease
- Apoplexy
- Black goo disease
True or False: Young Vine Decline is only known by one name.
False
Fill in the blank: Young Vine Decline is also known as _______.
ESCA
What is the central tenet of biodynamics?
The farm is viewed as an organism and must be a closed, self-nourishing system.
This concept emphasizes sustainability and self-sufficiency in farming practices.
What materials must be produced from within the farm organism in biodynamic farming?
Manure and animal feed.
This approach aims to minimize external inputs and enhance farm sustainability.
What astronomical factors influence timing activities in biodynamic farming?
The movement patterns of the moon and planets.
This practice reflects the belief in the connection between celestial movements and agricultural success.
What is the purpose of frost protection in agriculture?
Allows the growing of grapes in marginal or otherwise unsuitable sites.
What historical method was used for frost protection?
Smudge pots.
List four modern methods of frost protection.
- High trellising
- Wind machines
- Sprinkler irrigation
What is the central danger associated with frost in agriculture?
Reduced yield.
What is a significant risk for crops in northern areas?
Killing cold
What are some mitigation techniques for frost protection?
- Burying the vine
- Mounding earth around the base of the vine
- Burying canes
What covers the skin of the grape?
A waxy layer
This layer helps protect the grape from environmental factors.
What is located under the skin of the grape?
The hypodermis
This layer supports the structure of the grape.
What does the flesh of the grape contain?
Juice and seeds
The flesh is crucial for the grape’s reproduction and flavor.
What happens to sugar as the grape grows and ripens?
Sugar is amassed in the flesh
This accumulation contributes to the sweetness of the grape.
What are the main sugars found in grapes?
Glucose and fructose
These sugars build during the growing season.
Which acid is the most prominent in fully ripe grapes?
Tartaric acid
Malic acid is also present, especially in unripe grapes.
What happens to acidity in grapes during the ripening process?
Acidity drops during the later stages of the ripening process.
True or False: Malic acid is higher in ripe grapes compared to unripe grapes.
False
Malic acid is higher in unripe grapes.
Fill in the blank: The main sugars in grapes are _______ and _______.
glucose and fructose
What is the relationship between grape ripeness and acidity?
Acidity decreases as grapes ripen.
What is the most prominent mineral found in grapes?
Potassium
Potassium is essential for various bodily functions and is abundant in grapes.
What are the polyphenols found in grapes?
Tannins and bitter compounds
These compounds are primarily located in the skins, seeds, and stalks of grapes.
What gives red color to grapes?
Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins are a type of flavonoid and are responsible for the pigmentation in red fruits.
Where are the flavor compounds that contribute to the aroma of grape juice located?
In the cells situated on the inner surface of the skins
What process leaches out the flavor compounds from grape skins?
Maceration process
What percentage of grape juice is water?
74%
What is the sugar content percentage in grape juice?
20%
What is the cellulose content percentage in grape juice?
5%
What is the acid content percentage in grape juice?
1%
What is the water content percentage in wine?
86%
What is the ethyl alcohol content percentage in wine?
about 12%
What is the glycerol content percentage in wine?
1%
What is the combined content percentage of carbohydrates, acids, and esters in wine?
less than 1%
