History Flashcards
First Great Restaurant was
La Grande Taverne de Londres owned by Antoine Beauvillers. He also wrote L’Art Du Cuisinier
Who was most likely the first person to open a restaurant
Boulanger, his first restaurants were serving concentrated broths
Before restaurants there was
Table d’hote (hosts table) which you would find at inns, taverns monasteries and hostels
When were restaurants first invented
1760’s
Other famous names during the start of restaurants were
Maxims. La tour d’Argent and Very
The most illustrious restaurant of the 19th century Paris was
Cafe Anglais from Chef Adolphe Duglere
The difference between French and Russian service
French Service: food is brought to the table all at once
Russian Service: food is brought to the table in courses
Who introduced Russian Service to France in 1830s
Russian Prince Kourakin introduced “service a la Russe”
What is the time range for the origins of cultivation?
7,000-5,000 BCE
Where is the primary location associated with the origins of cultivation?
Transcaucasia (Armenia, Georgia), in the lower hills of the Caucasus, Taurus and Zagros Ranges between the Black and Caspian Seas
What is another name for the region known for early agriculture?
The Fertile Crescent
What characteristics made the Fertile Crescent significant for human settlement?
Particularly amenable to human settlement
What are the two types of plants mentioned in the context of cultivation origins?
sylvestris and sativa
Fill in the blank: The origins of cultivation can be traced from _______ to sativa.
sylvestris
Where did the Sumerians and Egyptians primarily settle?
From Transcaucasia down the Tigris and Euphrates to Sumeria (Iraq) and then to Nile Delta and Egypt and Phoenicia (Lebanon)
This geographical area highlights the historical regions where these ancient civilizations flourished.
What type of contributions did Egyptians make related to wine?
A sort of press (tourniquet), vintage dates, provenance
These contributions indicate advancements in wine production and documentation.
What was the predominant type of wine produced by the Egyptians?
Almost all of the wine was red
This suggests a preference or availability of red wine in ancient Egyptian culture.
What substance was used to resinate the Egyptian wine?
Terebinth tree resin
This resin was likely used to enhance the flavor and preservation of the wine.
True or False: White wine was very common and inexpensive in ancient Egypt.
False
White wine was noted to be very expensive, indicating its rarity and value.
What were the primary engines of the Greek economy?
Oil and Wine
These two commodities were vital for trade and sustenance in ancient Greece.
To which regions did the Greeks spread vine cultivation?
Italy, especially Sicily and Campania
This expansion was significant for agricultural development in these areas.
What type of jars were used to store wine in ancient Greece?
Amphorae
Amphorae were clay jars with a capacity of 30-40 liters.
How were amphorae sealed to preserve their contents?
With cork, tallow, or resin
These sealing methods were important for preventing spoilage.
What process was used to concentrate grapes for wine production?
Dried grapes in the sun
This method enhanced the sweetness and flavor of the wine.
Which ancient physician is known for mentioning wine in medicine?
Hippocrates
Hippocrates emphasized the medicinal properties of wine.
What is the Greek god associated with wine?
Dionysus
Dionysus was revered as the god of wine, fertility, and festivity.
What is the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Dionysus?
Bacchus
Bacchus is celebrated in Roman mythology for similar attributes related to wine.
What did the Etruscans cultivate before the Greeks?
Grapes
Etruscans in the north cultivated grapes prior to Greek influence.
Where did the Etruscans trade their products?
As far away as Burgundy
This indicates the extensive trade networks of the Etruscans.
What was the Greek influence on wine cultivation in the south?
It was a Greek inheritance that boomed from about 800 BCE
This shows the timeline of Greek influence on viticulture.
By what year was the Roman Empire considered powerful and secure?
About 150 BCE
This marks a significant period in Roman history regarding stability.
What became increasingly important after 150 BCE in the Roman Empire?
Wine growing
The growing importance of wine cultivation reflects its cultural and economic significance.
What did Romans experiment with in relation to wine?
Flavorings, terroir, and viticulture
They wrote books on viticulture and kept records of their findings.
What decree did Domitian issue in CE 92 regarding wine?
It addressed overplanting of wine and grapes
This decree was a response to the excessive cultivation of vines.
What are two notable vintages mentioned in Roman wine history?
Opimian Vintage and Falernum
These wines are significant examples of Roman viticulture.
What wine storage method likely became common toward the end of the Roman Empire?
Barrel aging
The use of barrels was likely adopted for aging wines.
Fill in the blank: Romans kept _______ related to their wine production.
records
These records included details about viticulture and wine aging.
What did the Romans spread along Europe’s major rivers?
The vine
Major rivers include the Danube, Rhine, Mosel, Gironde, Rhone, Burgundy, and Champagne.
Name one method the Romans used to produce wine.
Passum
Passum is a type of sweet wine produced by the Romans.
What is defrutum?
A type of concentrated wine made by boiling grape juice
Defrutum was used in ancient Roman winemaking.
What types of wines did the Romans produce?
Smoked wines and oxidized wines
These methods contributed to the diversity of wine flavors in Roman times.
Fill in the blank: The Romans planted vines wherever the _______ went.
legion
What significant movement began in the Middle Ages post Roman Empire?
Monastic movement
The monastic movement began around the 5th century.
In what year did the Roman Empire fall?
476
What event in 496 led to a Christian Gaul?
Conversion of Clovis
What was established in France as a result of the Conversion of Clovis?
Monasteries
Fill in the blank: The monastic movement began about the _______.
[5th century]
What year was the Benedictine order established at Cluny?
910
What year was the Cistercian order established at Citeaux?
1112
What were the Benedictines and Cistercians early models of?
Multinationals
What key resource did the Benedictines have that contributed to their influence?
Time, money, patience
Who provided support to the Benedictines from 800 CE?
Charlemagne
What did the Benedictines accumulate that was considered valuable?
Eternity for sale
What geographical area is associated with the finest Clos of Burgundy?
Burgundy and beyond
True or False: The influence of the Benedictines is often overvalued.
True
Fill in the blank: The Benedictine order is often associated with _______.
Publishing
What period is referred to as the Age of Discovery?
The Age of Discovery refers to the period when Portugal and Spain explored new territories, particularly the New World.
In what year was Madeira discovered?
Madeira was discovered in 1419.
Which regions were explored by the Spanish and Portuguese in the 15th and 16th centuries?
The Caribbean, Mexico, and South America.
Who was Hernán Cortés?
Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador known for his role in the conquest of Mexico.
What does the term ‘Mission or Criolla’ refer to?
It refers to the systems of religious missions and the Creole population in colonial Latin America.
What type of vineyards were established during this period?
Monastic and secular vineyards.
Which group of settlers is noted for their presence in the Eastern United States?
The Huguenots.
Where did the Dutch settle in 1665?
The Dutch settled on the Cape in 1665.
In which century did the British explore Australia?
In the late 18th century.
What significant change did the advent of glass and cork bring to wine storage?
It transformed wine storage, making it a less fragile product
This advancement allowed for better preservation and transport of wine.
How was glass used before the 17th century in relation to wine?
Glass had been around for a long time, but as a service vessel, not a storage vessel
This indicates that glass was primarily used for serving wine rather than keeping it.
In which century did the development of a stronger bottle with a cork closure occur?
17th century
This development continued through the 18th century.
Who is generally credited with the development of stronger, heavier, darker bottles?
English Kenelm Digby
He is believed to have made significant contributions around 1630.
What characteristics defined the bottles developed by Kenelm Digby?
Stronger, heavier, darker
These characteristics contributed to the durability and effectiveness of wine storage.
What is the significance of Phylloxera in viticulture?
Perennial Eastern American problem imported to Europe in the 1850s
Phylloxera is a pest that devastated European vineyards, leading to significant changes in grape cultivation.
When was Phylloxera officially discovered in Europe?
1868 (dates vary)
The discovery occurred first in the Rhone and Provence regions.
What was the public response to the Phylloxera crisis?
A prize was offered for a cure and many suggested solutions
This reflects the urgency and importance of finding a solution to the crisis.
What are the two opposing groups regarding Phylloxera solutions?
Sulphurists vs Americanists
These groups had differing opinions on how to address the Phylloxera problem, often advocating for different types of interventions.
Fill in the blank: Phylloxera was imported to Europe in the _______.
1850s
This period marked the beginning of significant issues in European viticulture due to this pest.
Rudolf Steiner
Rudolf Steiner(1861-1925)
“The architect”
Austrian philosopher/scientist
Developer of Anthroposophy, Waldorf education, biodynamic agriculture, anthroposophical medicine
Influenced by Geothes scientific notions
