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WSET Unit 2 > Vineyard Management > Flashcards

Vineyard Management Flashcards

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1
Q

What a natural ways water drains in a vineyard?

A 
Runs off surface
Taken up by plant roots
Absorbed into ports in soil particles
Evaporates from soil surface
Drains down through soil
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2
Q

What are artificial ways to improve drainage?

A 
Improve soil structure (add manure, organic matter, sand, grit, lime)
Dig ditches
Install drainage pipes
Mole drainage
Sub-soiling
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3
Q

What are the points of difference between fixed overhead sprinkler and under-canopy systems?

A

Potential for frost protection (fixed overhead sprinkler is suitable with correct design and under-canopy is not)
Limited rate of supply (fixed overhead sprinkler is not suitable and under-canopy is with correct design
Water salinity (fixed overhead is not tolerant and under-canopy is)

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4
Q

What are the points of difference between under-canopy systems and drip?

A

Potential for frost prevention through soil wetting (under-canopy is suitable and drip is not)
Limited total water supply (under-canopy is rarely suitable and drip is)

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5
Q

What are the advantages to flood or furrow compared to sprinkler and drip systems?

A

Capital and operating cost is low
Interval between irrigations is larger
[Few problems with water cleanliness]

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6
Q

What is the main advantage of replacement cane pruning?

A

Vine vigour is controlled by limiting carb reserves

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7
Q

What is the main disadvantage of replacement cane pruning?

A

Technique requires skill and cannot be mechanized

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8
Q

What is bud rubbing?

A

Removing undesirable shoot before it grows

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9
Q

What is green harvesting?

A

Removing bunches to allow remaining bunches to ripen more fully and evenly
50 hours/ha

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10
Q

What is the effect of green harvesting too early (pre-veraison) and too late (post-veraison)?

A

Too early: vines will react by increasing rate of berry cell division and increase berry size
Too late: less effective as sugar already moved into berries

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11
Q

What is leaf stripping and when is it done?

A

removal of leaves around fruit zone to improve fruit quality and fruit health and spray penetration and to increase speed of manual harvesting; done by machine or hand
70 hours/ha

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12
Q

What is eutypa and how does it relate to pruning?

A

A parasitic fungi; may enter where vine has pruning cut over 30mm in diameter which deepen due to frost cracking; overwrinters on canes

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13
Q

What is no-till cultivation?

A

Chemical weed control

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14
Q

What are types of herbicides?

A

Pre-emergence herbicides
Contact herbicides
Systemic herbicides

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15
Q

What are pre-emergence herbicides?

A

Poorly-soluble compounds that becomes tripped in upper layers of soil; absorbed through roots and act by inhibiting photosynthesis in young seedlings

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16
Q

What are contact herbicides?

A

Wilters or knockdown
Absorbed through green organs and destroy those parts
Effect is only temporary in plants with well-established root systems
Broken down in soil quickly

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17
Q

What are systemic herbicides?

A

Absorbed by leaves and translocate in sap; destroy whole plant
Very slow acting

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18
Q

What is floral initiation and what does its success depend on?

A

Where embryonic flowers develop in the dormant buds the year before and their success depends on temperature and sunlight exposure

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19
Q

What type of nutrients is sandy soil in a high rainfall area likely deficient in?

A

Potassium, Calcium, Sulfur

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20
Q

What type of nutrients is frequently cultivated, shallow soil in a low rainfall area likely deficient in?

A

Nitrogen

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21
Q

What is the main factor that predetermines wine style and quality?

A

Grape genetic characteristics

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22
Q

What does climate influence in a grape?

A

Levels of sugar, acid, pigment, tannin and intensity of fruit flavours

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23
Q

What influences the amount of crop produced by a variety?

A

Capacity for floral initiation and fruit set

24
Q

What are activities done in summer of year 1 in site preparation?

A 
Remove existing vegetation (essential)
Plat external windbreak
Level ground
Terrace
Sub-soil
Install drainage
Soil disinfection
25
Q

What are activities done in autumn of year 1 in site preparation?

A

Corrective fertilisation

Deep plouging

26
Q

What are activities done in summer of year 2 in site preparation?

A

Deep cultivation
Tracing out plantation
Planting

27
Q

How is soil structure improved in site preparation?

A

Common to raise organic matter level above 2% by adding farmyard manure
Increase humus content

28
Q

How is pH increased in site preparation?

A 
pH should be increased to above 6.5
Use calcite (calcium carbonate), magnesite (magnesium carbonate) or dolomite (mixture of both)
29
Q

What is gypsum?

A

CaSO4
Improves soil structure; reduces dispersion of surface soil; minimizes swelling of sub-surface soil (improving aeration and permeability)

30
Q

What are the main aims of canopy management?

A

Maximize effectiveness of light interception
Reduce canopy shading
Produce a uniform microclimate for fruit
Achieve an appropriate distribution of products of photosynthesis
Arrange location of individual organs

31
Q

What is the result of unpruned vines? And what is an example of such grape given in the Study Guide?

A

Short shoots, large and irregular yields, low quality berries (may still be able to ripen in hot climates)
Thompson table grapes

32
Q

What does the choice of single of double guyot pruning depend on?

A

Legislation and vine vigour

33
Q

What are characteristics of unpruned vines?

A

Reduced shoot growth
Self-regulation
High yields (suited for warm climates)
Large amount of permanent wood

34
Q

Te Kauwhatta two-tier

A

Elaborate form of spur-pruning along a cordon

35
Q

Cordon de Royat

A

Most common cordon system

Single or double horizontal cordon with shoots vertically trained

36
Q

What are the advantages of a cordon system?

A

Easy to prune–process can be mechanized

Retains large volume of permanent wood

37
Q

What are disadvantages of cordon systems?

A

Large carbohydrate reserves = vines vigorous
Loss of growing points along cordon
Lengthening of growing points

38
Q

What are summer training operations?

A

Trimming off shoot extremities
Shoot positioning (shoot removal, bud rubbing, tucking in)
Leaf stripping
Green harvest

39
Q

Chlorosis is a deficiency in what nutrients?

A

Iron, sulphur, nitrogen, magnesium

40
Q

When should soil analysis be done?

A

Before planting and every 2-3 years

41
Q

What is leaf and petiole analysis useful for?

A

Confirming visual symptoms, comparing good vine areas with bad; assessing effectiveness of fertilizer applications or changes in practices

42
Q

What is “hidden hunger”?

A

Magnesium or zinc deficiencies that affect vine performance without showing symptoms

43
Q

When adding fertilizers, what balances are important to maintain?

A

Mg v K
N v K
Mn v Fe

44
Q

When is nitrogen usually added?

A

Spring-time at flowering because that is when vine’s needs outstrip soil supply
Nitrogen is not added pre-planting because it mineralises organic matter and easily leaches

45
Q

When are phosphorus and potassium added?

A

Autumn OR spring in light soils

46
Q

What are main formats of organic fertiliser?

A

Farmyard manure, slurry or cereal straws, green manure (growing and ploughing green cover crops to increase organic matter content in soil), foliar fertilisers

47
Q

What is a common cover crop?

A

White mustard–can product a crop ready for ploughing in 6-8 weeks

48
Q

What are foliar fertilisers?

A

Liquid fertilisers that are applied directly to leaves
Useful for applying nutrients that may be immobilised in soil
(Phosphate is not easily taken up by leaves and may cause leaf-burn)

49
Q

What are methods of controlling weeds?

A

Cultivation
Ground cover
Herbicides
Mulching

50
Q

What are types of mulches?

A

Black polythene, straw, grass clippings, paper, tree bark, wood chips, marc, timber milling, sugar refining, household waste

51
Q

How does mulch work?

A

By spreading on to soil surface, suppresses weeds and prevents light from reaching young weeds

52
Q

What is strategic mulching?

A

Application of mulch with high carbon/nitrogen ratio (straw, paper, woodchip) on vigorous plants to reduce variability in establishment of young vines

53
Q

How does regulated deficit irrigation work?

A

Uses water stress to control vegetative and reproductive growth by applying a water deficit variably between fruit set and a month or so after veraison (restricts vegetative growth and decreases competition)

54
Q

What is RDI effect on Shiraz?

A

Reduces berry size

55
Q

What is a draw back of RDI?

A

May result in lower yields

56
Q

What is goal of partial rootzone drying?

A

Control vine vigour while maintaining quality and without significant crop reduction

57
Q

How does row spacing affect vine density?

A

Wider the alleys > greater distance between plants > More vigour (more soil space available) > need more trellis space

WSET Unit 2 (10 decks)

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