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WSET Unit 2 > Growing Environment, Vine Plant > Flashcards

Growing Environment, Vine Plant Flashcards

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1
Q

As a region gets warmer in the EU zones of production how do regulations regarding minimum alcohol, acidification and chapatilization change?

A

Minimum potential alcohol increases, level to which must can be enriched decreases, deacidification becomes illegal and acidification becomes legal.

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2
Q

How does temperature affect yield?

A

Affects rate of vine growth, number of flower clusters produced and their size, success of flowers setting into berries

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3
Q

How does temperature affect quality?

A

Affects level of yield obtained, accumulation of sugars, reduction of acidity, development of wine aromas and precursors

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4
Q

How does sunshine intensity affect yield and quality?

A

Indirect effect on vine growth due to heat accumulation

Direct effect on bud viability, initiation of vine flowers, berry ripening, cane maturation, rate of photosynthesis

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5
Q

What is a cool climate? What grapes are appropriate? What are typical regions?

A

Growing season average temperature is below 16 degrees
Appropriate for early ripening grapes: Chardonnay, Pinot Noir
Typical regions: Champagne, Mosel, Southern England, Marlborough, Tasmania, Anderson Valley, parts of Carneros

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6
Q

What is a moderate climate? What grapes are appropriate? What are typical regions?

A

Growing season average temperature is 16.5-18.5 degrees
Appropriate for intermediate ripening grapes: CS, Merlot, Sangiovese (results in medium-bodied wines)
Typical regions: Northern Rhone, Rioja, Piedmont, Tuscany, Coonwarra, moderate parts of Napa and Sonoma

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7
Q

What is a warm climate? What grapes are appropriate? What are typical regions?

A

Growing season average temperature is 18.5-21 degrees
Appropriate grapes: Grenache, Mourvedre, Ruby Cabernet, Port, Liquer Muscat
Typical regions: Southern Rhone, Douro, McLaren Valley, Paarl

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8
Q

What is a hot climate? What grapes are appropriate? What are typical regions?

A

Growing season average temperature is over 21 degrees
Appropriate grapes: table and drying grapes
Typical regions: Jerez, San Joaquin Valley

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of a Maritime climate?

A

Annual temp range: low
Rainfall: high
Ripening period: long with moderate temp
Regions: Bordeaux, Muscadet, Rias Baixas, Vinho Verde, Southern England

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of a Mediterranean climate?

A

Annual temp range: low
Rainfall: dry summer, wet winter
Ripening period: N/A
Regions: Mediterranean, US west coast, Chile, SE Australia, South Africa Cape

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of a Continental climate?

A

Annual temp range: high
Rainfall: dry
Ripening period: short
Regions: Mendoza, central Europe, central Spain

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of a Tropical climate?

A

Annual temp range: minimal
Rainfall: seasons defined by rainfall
Ripening period: twice a year
Regions: Brazil, India

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13
Q

Why is Mendoza able to grow Malbec and CS?

A

Mendoza is a warm continental climate (dry, warm) which decreases rot risk. This means that grapes can be harvested later and allowing grapes such as Malbec and CS to ripen fully.

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14
Q

What are characteristics of wines from cool continental climates?

A

Intense flavour, late harvest, high alcohol white
Sweet: Alsace vendage tardive
Dry: Wauchau, Austria Smaragd

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15
Q

What is mesoclimate?

A

Site climate

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16
Q

What characteristics should a grape grower look for in a mesoclimate?

A

Aspect (cool climate: southerly aspect)
Water
Surrounding vegetation

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17
Q

What is the advantage of a vineyard on an isolated hill? What are some examples?

A

An isolated hill is not affected by large cold currents from a main hill.
Examples: Corton at Aloxe-Corton, Burgundy and Montagne de Reims, Champagne

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18
Q

What is microclimate?

A

Canopy climate

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19
Q

What is the effect of a thick, vigorously growing canopy in a cool climate?

A
  • Increased shade reduces flower initiation and berry set
  • Cool temp results in higher acid retention
  • Increased humidity and shade reduces sugar accumulation
  • Increased competition between shoot tips and berries for sugar reduces berry ability to ripen
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20
Q

What is a climatic indice?

A

An index to evaluation potential and existing vineyard sites and determine suitable varieties

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21
Q

What is Amerine and Winkler Cat I?

A

GDD below 1370
Light-bodied white wines
Chablis, Mosel Valley, Champagne

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22
Q

What is Amerine and Winkler Cat II?

A

GDD 1370-1650
Medium-bodied red whies
Napa, Bordeaux, Northern Rhone

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23
Q

What is Amerine and Winkler Cat III?

A

GDD 1650-1930
Full-bodied red wine
Barossa Valley, Stellenbosch, Southern Rhone

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24
Q

What is Amerine and Winkler Cat IV?

A

GDD 1930-2200

Fortified wine

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25
Q

What is Amerine and Winkler Cat V?

A

GDD over 2200

Bulk wine, table and drying graes

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26
Q

What is EU Zone A?

regions; natural alcohol; max enrichment; enrichment may not raise total alcohol to more than; acid adjustment

A 
Germany (ex Baden), UK
8%
\+3%
11.5% (to 12% for reds)
-1 to 0g/L
27
Q

What is EU Zone B?

regions; natural alcohol; max enrichment; enrichment may not raise total alcohol to more than; acid adjustment

A 
Baden, Loire, Champagne, Alsace, Austria, Parts of Romania, Most of Czech Republic
8%
\+2%
12% (to 12.5% for reds)
-1 to 0g/L
28
Q

What is EU Zone CI?

regions; natural alcohol; max enrichment; enrichment may not raise total alcohol to more than; acid adjustment

A 
Bordeaux, SW France, Rhone, Parts of Portugal, North Atlantic coast, Spain, Hungary, Trentino-Alto Adige, Parts of Slovakia and Romania
9%
\+1.5%
12.5%
-1 to 2.5g/L
29
Q

What is EU Zone CII?

regions; natural alcohol; max enrichment; enrichment may not raise total alcohol to more than; acid adjustment

A 
Languedoc-Roussilon, Provence, Northern Spain, Most of Italy, Parts of Bulgaria, Slovenia, Romania
9%
\+1.5%
13%
-1 to +2.5g/L
30
Q

What is EU Zone CIIIa?

regions; natural alcohol; max enrichment; enrichment may not raise total alcohol to more than; acid adjustment

A 
Parts of Bulgaria and Greece
9% 
\+1.5%
13%
-1 to +2.5%
31
Q

What is EU Zone CIIIb?

regions; natural alcohol; max enrichment; enrichment may not raise total alcohol to more than; acid adjustment

A 
Portugal (except Vinho Verde), Southern Spain, Calabria, Puglia, Sardinia, Sicily, Parts of Greece
9%
\+1.5%
13.5%
0 to +2.5g/L
32
Q

Why does a vine need sufficient water?

A 
To carry out photosynthesis
To access nutrients in soil
To ensure vine growth, yield potential and fruit quality
To prevent cells from collapsing
To ensure cells function properly
33
Q

How much water do vines need in cool regions? Hot regions?

A

Cool: 500 mm/year
Hot: 750 mm/year

34
Q

What does total water volume available during growing season depend on?

A

Vine density
Soil water holding capacity
When rain falls

35
Q

What is the effect of water on yield and quality?

A

Excess rain will:

  • cool the mesoclimate
  • make it more difficult for machines to work in the vineyard
  • increase fungal disease risk
  • reduce fruit set
  • cause bunch compaction, berry splitting
  • dilute much if falls before harvest
36
Q

How many hours of sunshine does vitis vinifera require to produce ripe fruit?

A

1,250 hours

37
Q

What are examples of geographical features that affect climate?

A 
Bodies of water
Ocean currents (Pacific Ocean, Humbolt Current, Gulf Stream)
Forests (trees west of Medoc)
Mountain ranges (altitude)
38
Q

What influences soil fertility?

A

Texture, structure, organic matter content, mineral content, availability of air and water, level of acidity/ alkalinity

39
Q

Why do vines grow best on soil with low fertility?

A

Because canopy growth restricted and often stony and well-drained

40
Q

How is soil texture described?

A

By size of particles:

Clay < silt < fine sand < sand < gravel

41
Q

What does proportion of mixture of size particles in soil affect?

A

Water holding capacity, water availability, soil warmth, nutrient availability

42
Q

What is loam?

A

Loam is a mixture of clay, silt and sand and is the ideal soil type for growing vines; however, it can encourage too much vegetative growth

43
Q

What is limestone and in what wine region is it found?

A

Sedimentary rock formed from shells and skeletons of marine animals; alkaline; free-draining
Has high pH which can inhibit iron uptake leading to chlorsis
Central and eastern Loire, Piedmont, norther Spain, Burgundy, Limestone Coast Zone in Australia

44
Q

What is chalk and in what wine region is it found?

A

Lower density than limestone

Champagne, Jerez

45
Q

What is dolomite?

A

Sedimentary rock with high levels of magnesium

46
Q

What is sandstone?

A

Sedimentary rock of compressed sand (quartz) particles

47
Q

What is shale?

A

Sedimentary rock originally clay

48
Q

What is slate and in what wine region is it found?

A

Shale altered by high pressure and temperature, harder and less porous
Mosel

49
Q

What is granite and in what wine region is it found?

A

Formed from solidified magma, had and dense, free-draining

Baden, Northern Rhone

50
Q

What is volcanic rock and in what wine region is it found?

A

Lava on surface

Santorini, Madeira

51
Q

What is soil structure and what is it affected by?

A

Soil structure is way in which soil particles form lumps or crumbs
Affected by organic matter, earth worms, welling/drying, freezing/thawing, presence of plant roots, soil management, texture, drainage, compaction

52
Q

What is good soil structure?

A

Stable crumbs 1-5mm in diameter

Requires high to moderate organic matter content (3-10%)

53
Q

What is poor soil structure?

A

Capping, crusting, puddling, sieving

54
Q

What is organic matter composed of?

A

Sugars, starches, cellulose, nitrogenous compounds, lignin and mineral matter

55
Q

What is mineralisation?

A

The breakdown of sugars, starches, cellulose and nitrogenous compounds by soil organisms

56
Q

What is humus?

A

Black or brown mixture of partially decomposed organic matter (matter than is not mineralised)

57
Q

What are the benefits of humus?

A 
Maintains soil structure
Retains available nutrients
Holds water
Easy to manage
Slowly mineralised
Absorbs heat
58
Q

What does aeration do?

A

Provides O2 to aerobic organisms
Suppresses harmful anaerobic organisms
Removes CO2 and other waste gases produced by organic matter breakdown and plant roots
Provides roots with O2

59
Q

What should be taken into consideration when choosing a rootstock?

A

Defense against phylloxera, nematodes
Tolerance to lime, acidity, salinity, drought
Affect on vigour

60
Q

What rootstock is most tolerant to lime?

A

Vitis berlandieri

61
Q

What rootstock provides the most defense against nematodes?

A

Schwarzman and Dog Ridge

62
Q

What rootstock is tolerant of damp conditions?

A

Vitis riparia

63
Q

What rootstock is tolerant of drought

A

Vitis rupestris

64
Q

The rootstock variety AXR1 (vinifera x rupestris) being replaced in California because it is prone to which of the following disorder?

A

Phylloxera

Formerly used widely in CA

WSET Unit 2 (10 decks)

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