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WINE > Vines / Grape Varieties > Flashcards

Vines / Grape Varieties Flashcards

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1
Q

What is most common species of vitis genus used in winemaking?

A

Vitis Vinifera

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2
Q

What are vitus vinifera subspecies known as?

A

Grape varieties (identifiable group of vines of the same speicies with similar characteristics)

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3
Q

What vitus genus is used for making table grapes?

A

Labrusca (wild variety)

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4
Q

What is one advantage of indigenous species?

A

Phylloxera resistance

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5
Q

What is “cross” or “crossing”?

A

offspring of different subspecies (varieties) within the same species

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6
Q

What is a “clone”

A

offspring of a subspecies that develops slightly different characteristics than the parent

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7
Q

What is a “mutation”

A

An offspring of a subspecies that becomes a separate variety through selective adaption

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8
Q

What is a “hybrid”

A

The offspring of two different species

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9
Q

What are some problems with hybrids?

A

Low tannin/high acidity

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10
Q

What are autochtonous grapes?

A

indigenous grapes that are the result of cross-breeding or natural mutation

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11
Q

What is a notable trait of Chardonnay

A

Aging ability

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12
Q

What is a notable trait of Chenin Blanc?

A

High acidity

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13
Q

Pinot Grigio aka Pinot gris is a mutation of?

A

Pinot Noir

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14
Q

What is Pinot Gris called in Germany

A

Rulander / Grauburgunder

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15
Q

Riesling is indigenous to what country?

A

Germany

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16
Q

What are characteristics of Riesling?

A

floral aroma, petrol scent, aging ability

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17
Q

What is oak aged Sauvignon Blanc known as?

A

Fume blanc

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18
Q

What are characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc?

A

High acidity/dryness

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19
Q

What are characteristics of Semillon?

A

citrus/stone fruit aromas and a waxy/oily mouthfeel

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20
Q

What are characteristics of Viognier?

A

Heavy peach/flower/sweet aromatics, viscous and full-bodied

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21
Q

Pinot Blanc is a mutation of what grape?

A

Pinot Gris

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22
Q

What is the most aromatic grape variety

A

Gewurtztraminer

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23
Q

Where did Gewurtztraminer originate?

A

Italian Alps

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24
Q

What grape is used in production of bramdy, cognac and balsamic vinegar?

A

Trebbiano Toscano (aka Ugni Blanc)

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25
Q

What is Trebbiano Toscano known as in France?

A

Ugni Blanc

26
Q

Cabernet Franc is a cross between which two subspecies?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon/Sauvignon Blanc

27
Q

What is the most widely planted wine grape in the world?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

28
Q

What are characteristics of Grenache?

A

High alcohol/qucik oxidization (rusting”)

29
Q

What is Grenache called in Sardinia?

A

Cannonau

30
Q

Merlot is the predominant grape in which part of Bordeaux?

A

Right Bank

31
Q

What is Pinot Noir known as in GErmany?

A

Spatburgunder

32
Q

What are characteristics of Pinot Noir?

A

Moderate tannin/high acidity/pale-to-medium color

33
Q

What are characteristics of Sangiovese?

A

Light color/high acid/sour cherry and orange peel flavors

34
Q

What are characteristics of Nebbiolo?

A

Indigenous to NW Italy, “tar and roses” flavor profile/high tannins

35
Q

What is a commpn Spanish white grape variety used in brandy?

A

Airen

36
Q

What is primary grape variety in Cahors region of France?

A

Malbec

37
Q

What are characteristics of Gamay?

A

low-tannin, fruit forward, carbonic maceration

38
Q

What are characteristics of Alicante Bouschet?

A

has red flesh and red skin (“teinturier”)

39
Q

Alicante Bouschet is a cross between which two subspecies?

A

Petit Bouschet and Grenache

40
Q

Where is Aligote grown

A

Burgundy. “Poor cousin” of Chardonnay. Prevalent in Bouzeron in Cote Chalonnaise.

41
Q

Which grape is used in Cremant Bourgogne?

A

Aligote

42
Q

Which country has the largest amount of wine grapes by acreage?

A

Spain (~1 million ha)

43
Q

What crop of grapes is normally the first that can harvested for wine and how long until vines produce what are considered quality wine grapes?

A

Three years/six years

44
Q

What are the two viable methods of grapevine propagation?

A

Cloning and field grafting

45
Q

What is considered the ideal latitudes for grape growing?

A

Between 30-50 degrees (in both hemispheres)

46
Q

What is the growth cycle of a grape vine?

A

Dormancy, weeping (when ground is >50 degrees F), budbreak, flowering, fruit set, veraison, harvest (when grapes are at physical/phenolic maturity)

47
Q

How do grapevines propagate?

A

vinifera vines are self propagating (i.e. wind)

48
Q

In general, how long is it from budbreak to harvest?

A

140 - 160 days

49
Q

What is photosynthesis and what is it dependent on?

A

Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into sugar and is dependent on two things; sunshine and temperature (it slows at temperatures less than 50°F (10°C) or greater than 95°F (35°C). Optimal sugar production takes place on sunny days with temperatures between 70°F and 85°F (20–30°C).

50
Q

What is respiration?

A

Respiration occurs as the plant breaks down sugar and related carbohydrates, releasing their energy for use by the plant. During veraison and at other times when sugar is unavailable, the vine shifts from metabolizing sugar to metabolizing malic acid (as well as trace amounts of other compounds) for energy. Early in their development, grapes are full of malic acid, but later on, as respiration starts to utilize this acid, the acid level in the grapes will be much lower.

51
Q

What is respiration most affected by?

A

Respiration is a continuous process that occurs throughout the growing season, but its rate is affected by temperature. For every 18°F increase in temperature, the rate of respiration doubles. The warmer it is, the faster the plant respires, and the quicker the acid level drops as the vine uses its acid for energy. For this reason, cool nights are usually beneficial for the ripening of grapes,

52
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The process by which water evaporates through openings on the underside of the leaves known as stomata.

53
Q

What are the best weather conditions for transpiration?

A

It is highest under sunny, hot, windy, and dry conditions. The stomata will close if not enough water is brought in through the roots to meet the transpirational demand. Because these openings also control the intake of carbon dioxide, a shutdown of transpiration will also stop photosynthetic activity.

54
Q

How much precipitation do vines need?

A

About 20–30 inches (51–76 cm) of water annually, which they can receive through rainfall, irrigation, or a combination of the two.

55
Q

What two characteristics do all great vineyards have in common?

A
  1. They are not very fertile.

2. Their soils regulate the supply of water to the vine.

56
Q

What is cane pruning?

A

Using cane pruning, the grower will remove all but one or two canes per vine. The remaining canes are attached to a horizontal trellis and trimmed so that each cane has between six and ten nodes (buds).

57
Q

What is spur pruning?

A

Spur (cordon) pruning: Using spur pruning, vines are trained to develop one or more permanent cordons (branches), each of which will support several canes. Annual pruning will cut back the new canes, leaving behind several spurs.

58
Q

What is the Guyot trellis system and what are its benefits?

A

in which one or two canes or cordons from each vine are trained along a wire. Such systems often use a configuration known as vertical shoot positioning (VSP) in which the new year’s shoots and leave are trained upward and braced by trellis wires as they grow,

Benefits of vertical shoot positioning include good air circulation and light exposure as well as ease of use with mechanical harvesters.

59
Q

What are some examples of “divided canopy” trellis systems? What are the benefits?

A

In high vigor sites, a divided canopy—with two or more separate fruiting zones, spaced either horizontally or vertically—may be used to provide more space for the vine to spread out.
Well-known examples of divided canopies include the Geneva Double Curtain, Lyre, and Scott Henry systems.

60
Q

What is another term(s) for bush vines?

A

Head-trained or gobelet style vines

61
Q

What is canopy management? What are some examples?

A

Techniques that alter the position or number of shoots and grape clusters are collectively known as canopy management.
Canopy management techniques employed during the growing season include shoot thinning, shoot positioning, leaf removal, crop thinning, and other procedures intended to optimize fruit quality through the control of vine yield and vigor.

WINE (7 decks)

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