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2022 Wine & Beer - General > Vine Disease > Flashcards

Vine Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four main types of vine diseases?

A

Fungal
Viral
Bacterial
Phytoplasma

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2
Q

How are fungal diseases spread?

A

Typically associated with warm or damp climates, manifesting as mildew or mold.
Spread by wind and rain.

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3
Q

How are viral diseases spread?

A

Grafting or insects; often incurable, usually controlled by removal.

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4
Q

What are phytoplasma diseases caused by? How are they spread?

A

Caused by phytoplasms, which are pathogens similar to bacteria. However, they often exhibit similar symptoms to viral diseases, and are also spread by grafting or insects.

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5
Q

Original latin for Phylloxera?

A

Phylloxera Vastatrix

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6
Q

Current latin for Phylloxera?

A

Daktulosphaira vitifoliae

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7
Q

Cause, origin, and effects of Powdery Mildew?

A

Fungal.

Originally from the Americas; now worldwide.
Inhibits flowering, veraison, and creates off-flavors in the wine.

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8
Q

Powdery mildew is also known as what? Why?

A

Oidium.

During its anamorph (sexual reproductive) phase, known as Oidium tuckerii

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9
Q

Cause, origin, and effects of Downy Mildew?

A

Fungal (plasmopara viticola).

Originally from the Americas, now throughout Europe. Cannot tolerate arid climates.

Causes leaves to drop off, affecting photosynthesis.

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10
Q

What popular fungicide was created to prevent downy mildew?

A

Bordeaux Mixture (Copper Sulfate, water, lime)

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11
Q

Downy Mildew is also called what?

A

Peronospora (the name for the class of water molds to which it belongs[?])

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12
Q

Cause and effects of Eutypa Dieback?

A

Fungal (eutypa lata).

Common in Mediterranean climates.
Stunts shoot growth, may kill the infected cane. AFFECTS CROP SIZE, NOT QUALITY

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13
Q

Common name for Eutypa Dieback?

A

Dead Arm

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14
Q

Cause, spread, and effects of Esca?

A

Fungal.

Seen worldwide, mostly in warmer climates.
In young vines: weakens growth, affects berry development, and discolors leaves.

In older vines, causes the vine wood to rot from
within; usually kills vines by 30 years of age.

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15
Q

Esca is also known as what?

A

Black Measles

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16
Q

What is unique about Esca?

A

It’s the result of a complex of fungi, not a single organism.

17
Q

Cause, origin, and effects of Black Rot?

A

Fungal (Guignardia bidwell).

Native to North America; has since spread to Europe.

Reduces yields. Easily controlled by sprays.

18
Q

What is Bunch Rot?

A

A grouping of similar fungal diseases, generally reduce yields and affect the character of the wine.

19
Q

What is the malevolent form of Botrytis cinerea?

A

Grey rot

20
Q

What conditions are required for botrytis?

A

Warm weather and minimum 90% humidity.

21
Q

Cause and effects of Pierce’s Disease?

A

Bacterial (Xylella fastidiosa).

Renders vines incapable of producing chlorophyll; kills within 1-5 years. Incurable.

22
Q

How is Pierce’s Disease spread?

A

The glassy-winged sharpshooter

23
Q

Cause and effects of Crown Gall?

A

Bacterial (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)

Manifests as tumors (galls) on the vine trunk, strangling the vine and killing the portions above. Thrives in cooler climates.

24
Q

How is Crown Gall spread?

A

Propagation of infected budwood.

25
Q

Crown Gall is also known as what?

A

Black Knot

26
Q

Cause and effects of Bacterial Blight?

A

Bacterial (Xanthomonas ampelina).

Kills young grapevine shoots. Can be controlled by hot water treatments and copper sprays.

27
Q

How is Bacterial Blight spread?

A

Rain and compromised pruning tools.

28
Q

Cause and effects of Leafroll virus?

A

Viral; caused by a complex of at least 9 different viruses.

Reduces yields and delays ripening.
Incurable, but not terminal.

29
Q

Cause and effects of Fanleaf Degeneration?

A

Viral; caused by a complex of different viruses

Deforms shoot growth, leads to poor fruit set and shot (seedless) berries).

30
Q

How is Fanleaf Degeneration spread?

A

Soil nematodes that feed on infected roots. Affected vineyards must be removed entirely.

31
Q

Cause and effects of Flavescence Dorée?

A

Phytoplasma.

Delays budbreak, slows shoot growth, shrivels berries and kills whole bunches. Also may cause leaf discoloration, pustules and cracks in the wood, and may kill young vines.

Incurable.

32
Q

How is Flavescence Dorée spread?

A

Leafhopper insects.

33
Q

What are the major fungal diseases?

A

Powdery Mildew (Oidium)

Downy Mildew (Peronospera)
Eutypa Dieback (Dead Arm)
Esca (Black Measles)
Black Rot
Bunch Rot
34
Q

What are the major bacterial diseases?

A

Pierce’s Disease
Crown Gall (Black Knot)
Bacterial Blight

35
Q

What are the major viral diseases?

A

Leafroll Virus

Fanleaf Degeneration

36
Q

What is a major phytoplasma disease?

A

Flavescence Dorée

2022 Wine & Beer - General (10 decks)

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