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Lewis' D1 Viticulture and winemaking > Vine Biology > Flashcards

Vine Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 main structures of a shoot

A

Tendrils, infloresences, prompt buds, lateral shoots, leaves

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2
Q

Shoots on the vine grow from what retained in the previous year?

A

Buds

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3
Q

Buds form between the stem and the what?

A

Petiole (leaf stalk)

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4
Q

What is the difference between prompt buds and compund (latent) buds?

A

Prompt buds form and break in the same season, whereas compound/latent buds will break in the following season (provided they are not destroyed beforehand)

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5
Q

What are the main benefits of lateral shoots?

A

Lateral shoots can provide insurance in case the primary shoot is destroyed before harvest, and sometimes provide extra leaves for photosynthesis.

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6
Q

What are the main disadvantages of lateral shoots?

A

Growth of laterals nearer the base of the primary shoot can impede airflow or shade the fruit, and the fruit they produce, since having grown much later in the season, can be unripe and uneven if not harvestsed selectively.

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7
Q

What are the main passengers of the stomata? (2)

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water

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8
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The drawing of water from the roots to the leaves

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9
Q

What is an infloresence?

A

A cluster of flowers that will turn into fruit.

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10
Q

What is a normal number of infloresences on a shoot?

A

1-3

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11
Q

What characteristic in a variety can increase the chance of splitting?

A

Tight bunches and/or thin skin (eg pinot noir)

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12
Q

What is one-year-old wood?

A

Shoots from last season that have not been removed will become one-year-old wood.

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13
Q

What is permanent wood?

A

Woody parts of the vine that are older than one year.

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14
Q

Apart from uptake of water and nutrients and anchoring the vine, what is another key factor of the roots?

A

The roots store carbohydrates and release hormones for growth and ripening.

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15
Q

What part of the root is actively collecting water and nutrients?

A

The tip, which can be between 50cm to up to 6m underground.

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16
Q

In viticulture, how can a vine be propogated?

A

Through layering or cuttings

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17
Q

Since layering produces a vine on its own roots, what might the vine be vulnerable to?

A

Phylloxera

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18
Q

Why are vines not propogated with seeds?

A

Because seeds will produce vines that are not genetically identical to their parents and may show undesirable characteristics in their fruit.

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19
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Propagating cuttings from one particular vine that has been chosen for it qualities such as its vigour, berry size, skin thickness, aromas etc.

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20
Q

What is a Crossing?

A

The child vine of two varieties of the same species (ie 2 kinds of V. Vinifera,)

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21
Q

What is a hybrid?

A

The child vine of two species of vine (eg V. Vinifera and V. Rupestris)

22
Q

What is dormancy?

A

The weather drops below 10ºC and the vine begins to shed its leaves, ending photosynthesis. While in this dormant stage the vine will live off stored carbohydrates in the roots.

23
Q

When do vines go dormant in the Northern hemisphre?

A

November-March (about 5 months)

24
Q

When do vines go dormant in the southern hemisphere?

A

May-September (about 5 months)

25
Q

What affects the timing of budburst?

A

Air Temperature
Soil Temperature
Grape Variety

26
Q

What kind of climates are likely to experience uneven budburst?

A

Maritime or Mediterranean climates (more subtle change in temperature at spring)

27
Q

When does budburst begin in the northern hemisphere?

A

February, March, April (end of winter, start of spring)

28
Q

When does budburst begin in the southern hemisphere?

A

August, September, October (end of winter, start of spring)

29
Q

When does the vine grow most of its shoots and leaves in the Northern Hemisphere?

A

February to July (about 6 months)

30
Q

When does the vine produce most of its shoots and leaves in the southern hemisphere?

A

August to January (about 6 Months)

31
Q

What does the vine use to feed this vegetative growth? (4)

A

Stored carbohydrates, warmth, light, water

32
Q

What major factors affect a vines vigour? (4)

A

Climate
Availability of nutrients and water
Presence of disease
Planting material (ie variety and rootstock)

33
Q

When does flowering begin and end in the Northern Hemisphere? (2 months)

A

May - June

34
Q

When does flowering begin and end in the Southern Hemisphere? (2 months)

A

November - December

35
Q

What conditions does the vine need during flowering? (4)

A

Warmth (temps above 17ºC)
Sunlight
Water
Nutrients for the fruiting season

36
Q

What is flowering?

A

The opening of individual flowers inside and infloresence, where the stamen are exposed.

37
Q

What is Coulure?

A

An uneven fruit set because of ineffective ovule fertilisation.

38
Q

In general terms, what causes coulure?

A

An imbalance in carbohydrate levels, caused by low photosynthesis, or vigorous leaf and shoot growth diverting carbohydrates from the inflorescences.

39
Q

Regarding coulure, what can disrupt carbohydrate balance and fruitset?

A

Cold, cloudy conditions, hot, dry conditions, excessive vigour.

40
Q

Which varieties are naturally more susceptible to coulure?

A

Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache and Malbec.

41
Q

Describe Millerandage

A

A bunch with a high proportions of seedless berries. The grapes ripen normally but have a higher skin to pulp ratio, reducing yield.

42
Q

What causes Millerandage?

A

Cold, wet, windy weather. Some grapes, like chardonnay and Merlot, are more susceptible than others.

43
Q

In the northern hemisphere, over what months do grapes develop? (5 months)

A

June - October

44
Q

In the southern hemisphere, over what months do grapes develop? (5 Months)

A

December - April

45
Q

What flavours do methoxypyrazines contribute to wines?

A

Green, herbaceous flavours like capsicum and grass.

46
Q

What activities occur in the grape during the first stage of ripening?

A

Grapes begin to grow in size and develop malic and tartaric acid
(Very bitter) tannins accumulate

47
Q

How can vineyard managers manage the vigour of their vines during the early stages of grape development?

A

Putting the vines under water stress can help accelerate the development of grapes during these first few months, whereas they might prefer to put more effort into shoots and leaves if they have more water (and nitrogen)

48
Q

In terms of acid development, what mean temperature range is ideal in the last month of ripening?

A

16-20ºC (outside this range can cause acid that is either too astringent or too soft.

49
Q

Terpenes are most closely associated with which Variety?

A

Muscat

50
Q

What do black grapes need for great tannin development?

A

Sunshine during veraison to develop tannin) and sunshine during ripening (to polymerise the tannins, which makes them softer)

Lewis' D1 Viticulture and winemaking (2 decks)

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