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Vietnam Flashcards

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1
Q

When did French begin their occupation in Vietnam?

A

1858

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2
Q

What was the French colony called?

A

French Indo-China

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3
Q

What resources were the French able to enrich themselves using?

A

Rice, coffee, coal, tea and rubber

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4
Q

What did French missionaries want to convert the Vietnamese to?

A

Catholicism

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5
Q

Who governed French Indo China?

A

Paul Doumer

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6
Q

Where did the Vietnamese have to be educated to be able to secure lucrative employment with the French?

A

Catholic schools

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7
Q

What did the Doumer encourage the use of?

A

Opium

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8
Q

What happened when the Vietnamese developed addictions to opium?

A

They increased the taxes on opium

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9
Q

How much of the French Indo China economy was raised by opium trade?

A

More than 33% (1/3 of the costs)

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10
Q

What trades were heavily taxed by the French?

A

Opium, wine and salt

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11
Q

How did the Vietnamese benefit from the French rule?

A 
They built railroads, paved streets, roads and bridges
They imported cars and trucks
They brought electricity to Vietnam
Wealthy benefitted from trading
French reduced penalties for crimes
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12
Q

Which year was the Vietminh formed?

A

1941

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13
Q

Who was Ho Chi Minh?

A

The rebel leader who founded the Vietminh resistance, later the leader of North Vietnam

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14
Q

When were the French defeated by Germany?

A

1940 - during WW2

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15
Q

What was the Vietminh?

A

A nationalist organisation that aimed to gain independence

Became official army when NV created

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16
Q

When did Japan invade Indo China?

A

September 1940

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17
Q

How did Ho Chi Minh get support for the Vietminh against the Japanese?

A

He established relations with the Us over their war with Japan

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18
Q

What resource did Japan take control of?

A

Rice

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19
Q

How many Vietnamese people died of starvation because of the Japanese occupation

A

2.5 million

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20
Q

Who was the military leader of the Vietminh?

A

General Giap

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21
Q

What tactics were used by the Vietminh to attack the French and Japanese?

A

Guerrilla

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22
Q

When did Japan take control from the French?

A

In 1945

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23
Q

What happened when Japan lost to the USS in WW2?

A

They were forced to withdraw from all countries inc. Vietnam

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24
Q

What happened after the Vietminh took control from Japan?

A

Ho Chi Minh announced Vietnam to be independent

Declared the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

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25
Q

How many troops were sent to SV by the French in Dec 1945?

A

50,000

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26
Q

What part of Vietnam did the French control?

A

The south

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27
Q

Why did the USA send supplies to the French?

A

Truman Doctrine - help in the fight against Communism

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28
Q

In 1946, what did negotiations not get further than?

A

A cease fire

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29
Q

When did the French attack Hanoi?

A

Nov 1946

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30
Q

What did the French start doing in Nov 1946?

A

Attacking targets in the north

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31
Q

Why did the Vietminh retreat when the French attacked?

A

To retake the area when the French had left

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32
Q

When was the Haiphong Incident?

A

20 Nov 1946

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33
Q

How many French died in the Haiphong harbour Incident?

A

29

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34
Q

How did the French retaliate to the Haiphong Incident?

A

By shelling the city

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35
Q

What warship was used by the French during their retaliation to the Haiphong Incident?

A

Suffren

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36
Q

How many people were killed by the French during their retaliation to the Haiphong Incident?

A

6000 Vietnamese

Many Vietminh fighters

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37
Q

When did Chairman Moa take control in China?

A

1949

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38
Q

Why was American support for the French limited?

A

Because they supported independance

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39
Q

What type of land did the French control?

A

Cities

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40
Q

How did Giap make up for the primitive weapons in comparison to the French

A

He used manual labour to move guns, artillery and ammunition

Peasants would carry the weapons for the Vietminh

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41
Q

Who was the French puppet?

A

Boa Dai

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42
Q

Who supplied the Vietminh with modern military equipment?

A

China

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43
Q

How many soldiers did the Vietminh have in 1950?

A

100,000

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44
Q

How many soldiers did the French have in 1950?

A

100,000

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45
Q

How many SVese fought for the French in 1950?

A

300,000

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46
Q

Who led the French army?

A

General Navarre

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47
Q

What did Navarre want to do?

A

Set a trap

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48
Q

What did Navarre assume?

A

That the Vietminh would be unable to move heavy guns into position on the hills with their peasant army on foot

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49
Q

Why was Dien Bien Phu chosen?

A

It was surrounded by hills - assumption

It controlled the main routes between V, Laos and Cambodia - wanted to interrupt Vietminh supply lines

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50
Q

When was the siege of Dien Bien Phu?

A

13 March 1953

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51
Q

How many French and Vietminh were killed during the siege of Dien Bien Phu?

A

1500 French

7000 Vietminh

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52
Q

How many French planes attacked Vietminh supplies every day during Dien Bien Phu?

A

100

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53
Q

What did China and Russia supply for the Vietminh during Dien Bien Phu?

A

200 anti-aircraft guns

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54
Q

When was the final Vietminh attack at Dien Bien Phu?

A

1 May 1954

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55
Q

How did the French get supplies at the end of Dien Bien Phu?

A

They were parachuted in

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56
Q

When did Dien Bien Phu end?

A

7 May 1954

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57
Q

By the end of Dien Bien Phu how many French were killed and wounded?

A

4000 killed

8000 wounded

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58
Q

By the end of Dien Bien Phu how many Vietminh were killed and wounded?

A

8000 killed

12000 wounded

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59
Q

Who did Navarre blame for the loss at Dien Bien Phu?

A

America - for not coming to aid despite huge funds

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60
Q

When was the Geneva Agreement signed?

A

May 1954

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61
Q

what was the Ho-Saintey Agreement (1946)?

A

Agreement between Ho Chi Minh and French envoy - after WW2 French would recognise Vietnam as a free state but French troops would be placed in Vietnam

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62
Q

What was Vietnam divided along?

A

17th parallel

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63
Q

According to the Geneva Agreement when were free and democratic elections to be held ?

A

1956

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64
Q

Who did Bao Dai appoint as Prime Minister of SV?

A

Ngo Dinh Diem

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65
Q

What did Diem do to Bao Dai in 1955?

A

He ousted him

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66
Q

Who refused the Geneva agreement?

A

Diem and America

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67
Q

Who was Diem supported by? Why?

A

America

Containment of communism

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68
Q

When was SEATO formed?

A

1954

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69
Q

Why did Diem refuse to hold elections in 1956?

A

He said they were going to be fixed in the North

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70
Q

Who did Diem appoint into positions of power?

A

Relatives or close friends

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71
Q

Who did Diem discriminate against?

A

Buddhists

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72
Q

Which Buddhist monk burnt himself alive?

A

Thich Quang Duc

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73
Q

What did Diem do about land reforems?

A

He introduced no new ones

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74
Q

What did Diem do to those who opposed him?

A

Imprisoned or killed them - called them communist insurgents

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75
Q

Who started sending advisors?

A

Eisenhower

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76
Q

When were advisors first sent?

A

Nov 1954

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77
Q

How many advisors were sent first?

A

17

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78
Q

By the end of Jan 1961, how many advisors were in Vietnam?

A

685

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79
Q

What did advisors do?

A

They trained the ARVN in combat with conventional weapons

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80
Q

How many Vietminh guerrillas and sympathisers were in SV in 1959?

A

5000 Vietminh

100,000 sympathisers

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81
Q

What did NV do to gain more recruits in SV?

A

Sent 80,000 SVese refugees back to SV as trained soldiers

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82
Q

How many guerrillas were in SV in 1961?

A

20,000

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83
Q

How many guerrillas were in SV in 1964?

A

Over 100,000

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84
Q

Why did Kennedy increase the no. of advisors?

A

To fight the VC and NLF

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85
Q

By Nov 1963, how many advisors were in Vietnam?

A

16,000

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86
Q

What were strategic hamlets?

A

Officially fortified villages they thought would be easy to defend against the VC

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87
Q

Why did strategic hamlets fail?

A

Because peasants were taken away from the land where they farm

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88
Q

By 1963, how many peasants had been relocated?

A

66.6% (2/3rds)

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89
Q

How many strategic hamlets were jugged to be secure?

A

1 thousand of 8 thousand

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90
Q

Most strategic hamlets were _______ _________ by the VC

A

Heavily infiltrated

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91
Q

Why did the Buddhist monk burn himself?

A

The Catholics were given permission to fly flags for the Archbishop but Buddhists were refused to fly flags for the Buddha’s birthday

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92
Q

When did the Buddhist monk burn himself alive?

A

11 June 1963

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93
Q

How many suspect Vietminh were executed under Diem?

A

Over 12,000

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94
Q

What were taxes like under Diem?

A

Very high for peasants

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95
Q

When were the Pagoda Raids held?

A

21 August 1963

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96
Q

When was Diem assasinated?

A

2 Nov 1963

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97
Q

Who was killed with Diem?

A

His brother Ngo Dinh Nhu

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98
Q

Who ordered the Pagoda Raids?

A

Ngo Dinh Nhu

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99
Q

Who knew about the plans to assassinate Diem?

A

CIA and Kennedy

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100
Q

What was Kennedy affected by?

A

Thich Quang Duc’s death

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101
Q

What did Diem do because of his unpopularity? What did this do?

A

Reduced influence of America - blamed them for it

This angered the USA as it was the whole point of helping Diem

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102
Q

What happened to production in NV?

A

It doubled

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103
Q

What did they do with land in NV?

A

They took land from those who owned property to redistribute it

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104
Q

How many landowners were beaten/executed in NV? Why?

A

50,000

For crimes against peasants

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105
Q

How many people were re-educated by NV in labour camps?

A

500,000

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106
Q

When was the VC or NLF established?

A

1960

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107
Q

When was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident?

A

Aug 1964

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108
Q

What US vehicle was damaged?

A

The US Maddox - a destroyer sent to spy on NV

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109
Q

What did the captain of the US Maddox say about the ‘attack’?

A

He was unsure if the ship had actually been attacked

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110
Q

What was the US Maddox apparently attacked by?

A

North Vietnamese torpedo boats

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111
Q

What did Johnson use the Gulf of Tonkin Incident to do?

A

Justify the escalation of American presence in Vietnam to Congress in August 1965

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112
Q

What had SV carried out before the Gulf of Tonkin Incident?

A

Raids on military installations

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113
Q

Why was the media important for the Gulf of Tonkin Incident?

A

To present the incident as a threat to American forces protecting peace in SE Asia and stopping the spread of communism

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114
Q

Why did Johnson need public support during the Gulf of Tonkin Incident?

A

Because he was facing the elections in 1964

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115
Q

In 1965:
How many Americans were in Vietnam?
How many SVese were they supporting?
How mny VC fighters were there estimated to be?

A

23,000 Americans
50,000 SVese
20,000

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116
Q

When was the Pleiku Attack?

A

6 and 7 Feb 1965

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117
Q

How many VC broke in during the Pleiku Attack?

A

10

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118
Q

Where did the VC break into during the Pleiku Attack?

A

A US army advisory facility

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119
Q

During the Pleiku Attack:
How many Americans were killed?
How many were injured?
How many US aircraft were destroyed?

A

8 killed
126 injured
10 aircrafts

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120
Q

How many US troops landed at Da Nang on 8 March 1965 after the Pleiku Attack?

A

3,500

121
Q

How many American troops were in Vietnam by 1968?

A

536,000

122
Q

When was Operation Rolling Thunder?

A

From March 1965 till Nov 1968

123
Q

Where did air raids on civilian populations take place during Operation Rolling Thunder?

A

Hanoi and Haiphong

124
Q

What were the aims of Operation Rolling Thunder?

A 
Disrupt the Ho Chi Minh trail
To damage NVese war abilities
To decrease NVese civiliam morale
To encourage diplomatic talks
To make NV withdraw forces in SV
125
Q

How did Johnson micromanage Operation Rolling Thunder?

A

Places were only bombed after Johnson approved of it

126
Q

Why did Johnson not bomb industrial cities near the Chinese border?

A

Because he was concerned about triggering a war with China if they were threatened

127
Q

Why did Operation Rolling Thunder include “bombing pauses”?

A

To drive NV to the negotiating table

128
Q

How many military targets were in NV?

A

100

129
Q

By when were all military targets in NV hit/destroyed?

A

1966

130
Q

Why was Operation Rolling Thunder ineffetive to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh trail?

A

The people were able to adapt to destruction around them

Key bridges/sections were repaired almost immediately

131
Q

Who bombed NV during Operation Rolling Thunder?

A

US Air Force

ARVN Air Force

132
Q

How did NV minimise casualities?

A

They had air raid sirens, frequent drills and extensive underground tunnels
They possessed anti-aircraft guns and surface-to-air missiles

133
Q

How many bombs were dropped on NV during Operation Rolling Thunder?

A

900,000 tons

134
Q

How many American planes were lost during Operation Rolling Thunder?

A

950

135
Q

How many pilots were wounded/captured/killed during Operation Rolling Thunder?

A

Over 1000

136
Q

Who began sending troops in Vietname?

A

Johnson

137
Q

How many battalions were first sent to Vietnam?

A

2

138
Q

How many extra troops were sent to Vietnam in July 1965?

A

100,000

139
Q

How many extra troops were sent to Vietnam in 1966?

A

100,000

140
Q

What was napalm?

A

Substance that when ignited would burn for up to 10 minutes

141
Q

How was napalm spread in the jungle?

A

They were sprayed from boats

Individual soldiers used them as flamethrowers

142
Q

Which planes dropped bombs using napalm?

A

B52

143
Q

What problem occurred with napalm?

A

Images spread of the impact on the people and land - Americans began questioning events

144
Q

What was Agent Orange?

A

A toxic chemical herbicide

145
Q

What was the purpose of Operation Ranch Hand (Agent Orange)?

A

To deprive Vese famers and guerrilla fighters of clean food and water in hopes they would relocate to areas controlled by the US

146
Q

By the end of Operation Ranch Hand, how many gallons of herbicides and defoliants had been sprayed?

A

20 million

147
Q

By the end of Operation Ranch Hand, how much land had been sprayed (forest + crops)?

A

5 million acres of forest

500,000 acres of crops

148
Q

How much more concentrated is Agent Orange than normal herbicides?
What did this mean?

A

50 xs

All plants in the area were detroyed

149
Q

How many people died due to Agent Orange?

A

4.8 million

150
Q

How many children were nrn with birth defects due to exposure of Agent Orange?

A

400,000

151
Q

What does Agent Orange contain that means it lasts in the environment for years?

A

Dioxin

152
Q

How was dioxin exposed to humans?

How was it dangerous?

A

Through food

It’s cancer-causing

153
Q

How many Agent Orange bombs were dropped?

A

8 million

154
Q

How much land did Agent Orange air raids have the ability to damage?

A

2500 square yards

155
Q

During what time period was Agent Orange used?

A

1965-70

156
Q

What were search and destroy missions?

A

American troops sent in groups into the jungle to look for and kill the VC

157
Q

How small were the groups of American troops sent on search and destroy missions?

A

Platoons (18-50 men)

158
Q

What was the disadvantage of the American troops during search and destroy?

A

They were going into unfamiliar territory

They didn’t have the protection of all the US technology

159
Q

What was the average age of American troops?

A

18

160
Q

When search and destroy started, how was success being counted? Why?

A

In terms of bodies/deaths

Because there was no ‘front line’

161
Q

What was the problem with how they began counting success during search and destroy?

A

There was no way to distinguish between VC and civilians

American troops became heartless

162
Q

When was the My Lai Massacre?

A

March 16 1968

163
Q

Who led the My Lai Massacre?

A

Captain Medina

164
Q

Who was in charge of strategic hamlets?

A

City-based officials who knew nothing about the countryside

165
Q

How many Buddhists were killed in SV in Many 1963 because of protests?

A

9

166
Q

How many people lived in My Lai?

A

700

167
Q

What did Charlie Company assume about My Lai?

A

That the villagers would be away at the market

168
Q

How many people were killed during the My Lai Massacre?

A

347-504 women, children, old men

169
Q

How many children were killed during the My Lai Massacre?

A

173 children inc. 56 infants

170
Q

How many women killed during the My Lai Massacre were pregnant?

A

17

171
Q

How many women were killed during the My Lai Massacre?

A

182

172
Q

How many women and children were raped during the My Lai Massacre?

A

20

173
Q

How young were the children that were raped during the My Lai Massacre?

A

10 yrs old

174
Q

Who was in charge of the Charlie Company?

A

Lt. Calley

175
Q

Which unit did the My Lai Massacre?

A

Charlie Company

176
Q

What was the leadership problem with Charlie Company?

A

Experienced officers had been transferred - low-ranking enlistees were put into leadership roles

177
Q

Why did Lt. Calley hate the VC?

A

Because of traps and snipes, and losing his men

178
Q

what did Captain Medina allow his troops to do with prisoners?

A

Use them as human mine detectors

Beat them during interrogations

179
Q

How many men were originally in Charlie Company?

How many people had it been reduced to?

A

45 men to 27 men

180
Q

Where were shells supposed to land during the My Lai Massacre?

A

400m away

181
Q

Why did Lt. Calley shoot a monk?

A

Because he didn’t know the location of the VC

182
Q

Who stopped the My Lai Massacre?

A

Officer Thompson

183
Q

Who broke the news of the My Lai Massacre?

A

Seymour Hersch

184
Q

When did the My Lai Massacre become public?

A

Nov 1969

185
Q

How many soldiers were charged for the My Lai Massacre?

A

14

186
Q

When was Lt. Calley charges?

What happened to his charges after?

A

He was charged in 1971

He was released in 1974 by Nixon

187
Q

How did the VC have help from peasants?

A

They respected them or worked for them in exchange for food, shelter and hiding places

188
Q

What was the VC tactic of retreating?

A

They would retreat when Americans attacked but then raid the enemy camps after the Americans had left, attacking troops when they were tired

189
Q

What were weapons used in guerrilla tactics?

A

Daggers, swords, captured explosives

190
Q

What were used to make booby traps?

A

Bamboo stick, mines, grenades, shells

191
Q

Why did the VC work in small groups?

A

So they couldn’t be tortured for info

192
Q

What weapons were supplied by China to the NVA for guerrilla tactics?

A

Sub-machine guns, heavier machine guns (able to bring down helicopters), rocket propelled grenades

193
Q

What did injuries caused by VC traps mean?

A

The platoons would have to return to base to recieve medical help - couldn’t leave men behind

194
Q

What were punji traps?

A

Sharpened bamboo sticks laid on camo traps, smeared with substances to cause infections

195
Q

What were cartridge traps?

A

A cartridge set into bamboo and lowered in a hole in the ground, that when walked on would fire the bullet into the victim’s foot

196
Q

What were bamboo whips?

A

A sharpened bamboo whip connected to a tripwire - sent footlong spikes into victim’s chest

197
Q

What were flag bombs?

A

Flags were rigged with explosives as Americans loved to capture enemy flags

198
Q

How were tunnels used by the VC?

A

To help them escape the jungle or avoid bombing raids

199
Q

What were the biggest tunnel systems?

A

The Iron Triangle

The Cu Chi District

200
Q

In Cu Chi, how much would each villager have to dig each day?

A

3 feet

201
Q

What told people how to dig and where to dig tunnels?

A

A handbook

202
Q

In which years were the Phoenix Program?

A

1968-72

203
Q

What was the Phoenix Program sponsored by?

A

The CIA

204
Q

What was the Phoenix Program?

A

When paramilitary teams targeted Communist operatives in villages in SV

205
Q

What were American advisors accused of in the Phoenix Program?

A

Torture and murders

206
Q

What did Counter-Terror teams do, that were created by Chau?

A

They were sent to kill/capture the enemy when intelligence about their whereabouts were received

207
Q

Who was the Phoenix Program run by

A

William Colby

208
Q

How many suspected VC were killed during the Phoenix Program?

A

25,000

209
Q

By 1972, how many NLF operations were neutralised during the Phoenix Program?

A

81,000 +

210
Q

By 1970, how many Phoenix advisors were in SV?

A

704

211
Q

How were the VC supplied?

A

By peasants carrying equipment along the Ho Chi Minh trail on foot, by bicycle and mule

212
Q

When did the Tet Offensive start?

A

30 Jan 1968

213
Q

What celebration was used as a cover for the Tet Offensive?

A

Buddhist New Year - Tet

214
Q

Where were the attacks during the Tet Offensive?

A

In the border of Laos and Cambodia in mountain regions

215
Q

From 1964 over 4 years, how many troops had been sent by Johnson?

A

1/2 a million

535,000

216
Q

Which places were attacked by NV during the Tet Offensive?

A

The US Embassy in Saigon
5 major cities in SV
100 towns/villages/military installations

217
Q

When did the Battle of Hue begin?

A

31 Jan 1968

218
Q

What did the NVese and VC soldiers do during the Battle of Hue?

A

House searches, arresting civil servants, teachers, religious leaders and people connected to the US or SV government

219
Q

How many civilians were killed during the Battle of Hue?

A

2,800

220
Q

How many civilians were missing after the Battle of Hue?

A

3,000

221
Q

How many Us troops were killed during the Battle of Hue?

A

150

222
Q

How many SVese were killed during the Battle of Hue?

A

400

223
Q

How many Nvese were killed during the Battle of Hue?

A

5,000

224
Q

How many VC were killed during the Tet Offensive?

A

At least 30,000

225
Q

What is the estimated military loss of the VC and NLF during the Tet Offensive?

A

58,000

226
Q

How many US troops were lost during the Tet Offensive?

A

4,000

227
Q

How many SVese civilians were killed during the Tet Offensive?

A

14,000 women and children

228
Q

What did the Tet Offensive do to Johnson’s popularity?

A

Decreased it

People felt as if they had been mislead bout the realities of the war and brutalisation of innocent civilians

229
Q

When did US campaigns against the Tet Offensive begin?

A

16 March 1968

230
Q

How many troops were refused for General Westmoreland after the Tet Offensive?

A

200,000

231
Q

When did the US halt escalation and pull troops?

A

1 Nov 1968

232
Q

What did NV agree to after the Tet Offensive?

A

Peace talks with American and SV governments

233
Q

When did peace talks in Paris begin

A

17 October 1968

234
Q

Who was General Westmorland?

A

Commander of the US army from 1964-68

235
Q

When was General Westmorland recalled?

A

June 1968

236
Q

Who replaced General Westmorland?

A

General Abrams

237
Q

What was General Westmorland’s approach to the war?

A

War of Attrition

238
Q

Who began search and destroy missions?

A

General Westmorland

239
Q

What were General Westmorland’s plans dependant on?

A

Superiority of American firepower

240
Q

Who was Robert McNamara?

A

Secretary of State for Defence from 1961-68

241
Q

What did Robert McNamara request?

A

Escalation of troops

Bombing raids

242
Q

Who devised the ‘body count’ as a way of measuring succes?

A

Robert McNamara

243
Q

Which company manufactured Napalm and Agent Orange?

A

Dow Chemical

244
Q

How did people in America learn about effects of chemical warfare?

A

The war was televised

245
Q

Which magazine article had pictures of chemical warfare effects? When was this?

A

Ramparts

Jan 1967

246
Q

Where and when were 2 key demonstrations against Dow Chemical recruitment?

A

University of Wisconsin in 1967

247
Q

How many men were drafted a month in Feb 1965?

How many men were drafted a month in Nov 1965?

A

3,000

33,000

248
Q

Who were draft-dodgers?

A

People who avoided call up

249
Q

How many men were persecuted by the government between 1963 and 1973 for avoiding the draft?

A

9118

250
Q

In May 1968, how many American and VC soldiers died in 1 week?

A

562 Ameircan troops

5,550 VC

251
Q

In 1968, how many people approved of Johnson’s handling of the war?

A

46%

252
Q

In 1968, how many people believes it was essential to stop communism in SV?

A

50%

253
Q

How many protestors were at the Veterans’ Protest?

A

100,000

254
Q

When and where was the Veterans’ Protest?

A

1967 in Washington outside the Pentagon

255
Q

When was the the Veterans’ March?

A

1971

256
Q

How many protestors were at the Veterans’ March?

A

300,000

257
Q

How many people protested against the My Lai Massacre? Where? When?

A

700,000
Washington
Nov 1969

258
Q

How many people attended the protest led by ‘Students for a Democratic Society’? Where? When?

A

20,000
Washington Monument
April 1965

259
Q

Where did anti-war protestors set fire to a bank?

A

In California

260
Q

At which universities where bombs set off during protests?

A

Berkeley, Yale, Stanford

261
Q

Who were brought in to help keep peace during protests

A

National Guardsmen

262
Q

Where were 2 students killed by the National Guardsman?

A

Jackson State University in Mississippi

263
Q

What was the problem with the National Guardsmen?

A

They were inexperienced and panicked

264
Q

When was the invasion of Cambodia announced? What happened with protests after this?

A

April 1970

They became more violent

265
Q

How many students demonstrated against the invasion of Cambodia? When?

A

Kent State University

2 May 1970

266
Q

When were students in Kent State Uni shot?

A

4 May 1970

267
Q

How many students were killed in Kent State Uni during protests?

A

4

268
Q

How many students were wounded in Kent State Uni during protests?

A

10

269
Q

What did the events in Kent State Uni spark? How many students? In how many institutions?

A

More protests
2 million
400

270
Q

How many people were injured in NY demostrations?

A

Over 70

271
Q

When was Vietnamisation introduced?

A

25 July 1969

272
Q

What was the idea of Vietnamisation?

A

Return troops
ARVN would replace US troops
Thieu would receive financial aid

273
Q

Under Vietnamisation how would the US continue to support SV until peace talks were concluded?

A

With its air force

274
Q

In June 1969, how many troops were withdrawn?

A

25,000

275
Q

When did Nixon announce plans to withdraw 150,000 men?

A

April 1970

276
Q

When did ARVN and Us air-force invade Laos?

A

Feb 1971

277
Q

When did Nixon increase air raids on NV?

A

1971

278
Q

When did Nixon order intensive bombing after the failure of the October Agreement?

A

From 18th Dec for 12 days 1972

279
Q

How many bombs were dropped in Dec 1972?

A

36,000

280
Q

Whys did Nixon go all out in 1972?

A

He knew Congress would refuse to fund after meeting in Jan 1973

281
Q

`How many Us troops had withdrawn by end of 1971?

A

400,000

282
Q

How many troops were left in Vietnam by the end of 1971?

A

140,000

283
Q

President Thieu was a _______

A

Dictator

284
Q

Who wouldn’t Thieu allow at peace talks?

A

VC

285
Q

When did Kissinger have secret talks with NV?

A

July 1969

286
Q

What were October 1972 Agreement terms?

A

Thieu would be replaced with coalition
NVA would keeps its areas
VC would be allowed to attend talks
Ceasefire agreed, withdrawal of US and return of prisoners

287
Q

Who refused to sign the October Agreement? What did this lead to?

A

Thieu

NV pulled out

288
Q

When was the Paris Peace Agreement signed?

A

27 Jan 1973

289
Q

What were Paris Peace Agreement terms?

A 
US withdraw completely
All US prisoners of war returned
NVA keep land
NV recognise SV government
Ceasefire
Election asap
290
Q

Who monitored the ceasefire from the Paris Agreement?

A

International Commission (led by Hungary, Indonesia and Canada)

291
Q

How did Nixon force NV to sign Paris Agreement?

A

Bombing raids

292
Q

When had the USA completely left Vietnam?

A

March 1973

293
Q

When did the NVA attack SV after US withdrawal?

A

Dec 1973

294
Q

How much aid did Thieu request from Ford?

A

$300 million

It was refused

295
Q

When did NVA win the Battle of Ban Me Thout?

A

March 1975

296
Q

What did Thieu order troops to do after the Battle of Ban Me Thout? What did this mean?

A

Withdraw to protect coastal areas

Path to Saigon was left unprotected

297
Q

When did NV enter Saigon?

A

April 1975

298
Q

When was the ‘Socialist Republic of Vietnam’ announced?

A

2 July 1975

History - Germany (2 decks)

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