Germany Flashcards
What was the army limited to under the treaty of Versailles?
100,000 men
How many different political parties were there in the Reichstag in the 1920s?
28
What was the price for bread in 1923?
200,000 million marks
How many Freikorps were there by March 1919?
250,000
How many protesters marched on Berlin in 1920 (kapp putsch)?
5000
How many members did the Nazis have during the Munich Putsch (1923)?
55,000
When was the Rentenmark introduced?
1923
How long was Hitler in prison for?
9 months
When was the DAP 25 Point Programme revealed?
Feb 1920
How many members did the SA have by 1930?
400,000
How many Germans were unemployed by 1933?
6 million
How many seats did the Nazis win in July 1932?
230
When was the Reichstag fire?
27th February 1933
When was the Night of the Long Knives?
30th June 1934
When and where was the first concentration camp built?
Dachau 1933
How many members did the Edelweiss pirates have by 1939?
2000
What was the medal awarded to mothers called?
Mothers Cross
How many men were in the German army in 1939?
900,000
When did Stresemann receive the Nobel peace prize?
1926
How many pastors lost their jobs because they would not declare their support for Nazi views?
18
When was the Confessional Church set up?
1934
How many members did the confessional church have at its peak?
5000
In 1939 what percentage of the German population claimed to believe in God?
5%
What percentage of German households had a radio by 1939?
70%
When was the Nazi boycott of Jewish owned shops and businesses?
April 1933
How many battleships was the navy limited to under the treaty of Versailles?
6
How many of its colonies did Germany lose under the Treaty Of Versailles?
11
What percentage of its iron reserves did Germany lose due to the treaty of Versailles?
50%
When was the French occupation of the Ruhr?
January 1923
When did the Kaiser abdicate?
9th Nov 1918
What happened on 10th Nov 1918?
A new republic was set up with a new president, Freidrich Ebert
When was the Armistice signed?
11th Nov 1918
Where did the Kaiser flee to?
Holland
What does ‘Dolchstoss’ mean?
Stab in the back
When were election for the Weimar parliament held?
19th Jan 1919
Which party did Freidrich Ebert belong to?
Social Democratic Party
What was the theory called which suggested that Germany had been betrayed by those who signed the armistice
Dolchstoss
What percentage of the electorate voted in the first election?
82%
What percentage of the seats did SDP win?
40%
Why did the first National Assembly not meet in Berlin?
Because it was too dangerous
Under the Weimar Constitution, how old did men and women have to be to vote?
20
What was the name of the new German parliament?
Reichstag
How many states made up the Weimar Republic?
18
What type of voting system did the new constitution use?
Proportional Representation
What was the major strength of the new voting systen?
Smaller parties had a voice
All parties who were voted for got got seats
Which feature of of the constitution allowed the president to pass laws without the approval of parliament in times of emergency?
Article 48
What was the name of the French prime minister who wanted to make Germany pay at Versailles?
Georges Clemenceau
What percentage of its coal reserves did Germany lose under Versailles?
15%
How much did Germany have to pay reparations?
136 billion marks
What is Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles better known as?
The War Guilt Clause
Who signed the Armistice?
Matthias Erzberger
What is a diktat?
A harsh penalty with no negotiations of terms
How much of its European territory did Germany lose?
13%
Who are the November criminals?
The politicians who signed the treaty
What was the Communist Party in Germany inspired by?
The Russian Revolution in 1917
In June 1920 election, what percentage of support did moderate parties get?
40%
When was the Spartacist Uprising?
5th Jan 1919
What happened during the Spartacist Uprising?
They organised a revolt
Occupied headquarters of the government newspapers and telephone offices
Name the leaders of the Spartacist Uprising
Rosa Luxemburg
Karl Liebknecht
Which group was used to put down the Spartacist Uprising?
Freikorps
What did Ebert do to upset the Freikorps in 1920?
He disbanded 2 Freikorp units
Who was declared as the new leader of Germany during the Kapp Putsch?
Dr Wolfgang Kapp
What did Ebert encourage the public to do in order to stop the Kapp Putsch?
Go on general strike
What happened to the Freikorps after the Kapp Putsch?
They disbanded
When did the French and Belgians invade the Ruhr?
Jan 1923
Why did the French invade the Runh?
Because Germany failed to pay some of the instalments of the reparations
What did the German government encourage workers in the Ruhr to do?
To carry out passive resistance
What was the problem with the French invasion of the Ruhr?
Germany lost income because the French and Belgians were taking industrial products
German government had to pay the striking workers
What did the German government do to try and fix the economical problems?
They printed more money
What was the name given to the period in which extreme inflation happened, causing prices to rise very qickly?
Hyperinflation
How many paper mills and printing shops were there in 1923 for just printing money?
300 paper mills + 200 printing shops
How many marks were needed to buy 1 dollar in Nov 1923?
4.2 billion marks
Which groups were affected the worst during hyperinflation?
People with savings
People with foxed incomes
Which groups benefitted during hyperinflation?
People with loans/debts/mortgages
Big business owners
In which year did Stresemann become chancellor?
1923
What was the name of the government he led?
The Great Coalition Government
How long was Stresemann Chancellor for?
4 months
What was the name of the temporary currency?
Rentenmark
When was the temporary currency introduced?
Nov 1923
What was the value of the currency based upon?
Germany’s industrial and agricultural worth
Gold
What did Stresemann promise to exchange the notes for shares?
German land or business
What was the name of the permanent currency?
Reichsmark
When was the permanent currency introduced?
August 1924
How many marks were loaned to Germany by USA under the Dawes Plan?
800 million gold marks
What were reparations payments lowered to for 5 years under the Dawes Plan?
1000 million marks each year
What were the Allies given control over under the Dawes Plan?
The Reichsbank and the railways in Germany
How much did Germany receive in loans from the USA in the 6 yrs following 1924?
25 billion marks
What happened to the industrial output in the years 1923-1929?
It doubled
What was the reparations bill reduced to under the Young Plan?
$8 billion
Over what period were the payments to be made in the Young Plan?
59 years
By which date did the French leave the Ruhr?
July 1925
By which date did the French agree to leave the Rhineland?
June 1930
How much was Germany obliged to pay each year under the Young Plan?
1/3 of the annual amount
How many people signed a petition opposing the YP?
4 million
What percentage voted against the Young Plan in a referendum?
14%
What did Germany accept under the Locarno Pact?
It’s new western borders
How were Germanys eastern borders to be settled under the Locarno Pact?
Peaceful means (through the League of Nations)
Which award was given to Stresemann in 1926?
Nobel Peace Prize
When did Germany join the League of Nations?
September 1926
Which element of the League of Nations was Germany awarded a place?
On the League of Nations council
How many countries signed the Kellog-Braind Pact?
62 (including Germany)
What was not to be used to settle disagreements under the Kellog-Braind Pact?
Military Force
Which country was not in the League of Nations but signed the Kellog-Braind Pact?
USA
Which year was the Dawes Plan?
1924
Which year was the Young Plan?
1929
Which year was the Locarno Pact?
1925
Which year was the League of Nations?
1926
Which year was the Kellog-Braind Pact?
1928
Who founded led the Germans Workers’ Party in January 1919?
Anton Drexler
When was the German Workers’ Party founded?
In Jan 1919
How many members did the DAP have when Hitler first attended a meeting?
6
When did Hitler join the German Workers’ Party?
September 1919
Which document rewrite the aims of the DAP?
25 Point Programme
What did NSDAP stand for?
National Socialist German Worker’s Party
When did Hitler oust Drexler?
1921
Which Italian fascist had influenced Hitler before 1923?
Benito Mussolini
What was the name of the first Nazi newspaper first published in 1920?
People’s Observer
What was the membership of the NSDAP by the end of 1920?
1100
When did Hitler set up the SA?
1921
Who led the SA?
Ernst Rohm
What did members of the SA wear?
Brown shirt as uniforms
What did the SA do?
Disrupt meetings of opposing parties
Control crows at Nazi meetings
Why did the SA parade streets?
To show force and Hitler’s strength
When did the Munich Putsch take place?
8 Nov 1923
What happened to Germans who resisted the French occupation of the Ruhr?
They were imprisoned or deported
Where did Mussolini lead his paramilitary soldiers on a march in 1922?
Rome
Which former army leader had Hitler developed a close relationship with by 1923?
General Ludendorff
How many supporters did the Nazi Party have in 1923?
20,000
Who led the Bavarian army?
Otto von Lossow
Who was the Bavarian Prime Minister?
Gustav von Kahr
Who did Hitler force to support him?
von Lossow
von Kahr
When did von Kahr and von Lossow announce their opposition to the Putsch?
9 Nov 1923
How many Nazis marched into Munich on 9 Nov 1923?
2000
What did Ludendorff believe about the army?
He believed the army and the soldiers would give them their support
How many Nazis were killed during the Munich Putsch?
14
How long was Hitler sentenced to as a result of the Munich Putsch?
5 years
How long did Hitler actually spent in prison?
9 months
What was the name of the book written by Hitler during his time in prison?
Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
Why was Ludendorff noit found guilty?
Judges were sympathetic of the war hero
When was the ban of the Nazi Party lifted?
Feb 1925
How many people attended the relaunch of the Nazi Party in February 1925?
4000
How many districts was Germany divided into to help organise the Nazi Party?
34
When did the first Nazi rally take place?
1926
Where did the first Nazi rally take place?
Weimar
When did the first Nazi party conference take place?
1926
Where did the first Nazi party conference take place?
Bamberg
Who were the SS?
Hitler’s private bodyguard
Who was in charge of propaganda for the Nazi Party?
Goebbels
How many seats did the Nazis win in the 1928 elections?
12
What percentage of votes did the Nazis win in Berlin and the Ruhr region in 1928?
1%
What percentage of votes did the Nazis win in farming areas in 1928?
18%
How many members did the Nazi Party have by 1929?
100,000
When was the Wall Street Crash?
October 1929
Why did Germany have economic problems in 1929?
Because the USA recalled their loans
By 1933, how many 16-30 year old were unemployed?
More than 50%
How did Bruning become chancellor?
Bruning and Muller fell out because Bruning wanted to introduce further cuts
What did Bruning ask President Hindenburg to use because he didn’t have a majority in the Reichstag?
Article 48
What changes did Bruning introduce to deal with the consequences of the Wall Street Crash?
Cut unemployment benefits
How many seats did the Nazis win in the 1930s elections?
107
How many seats did the Communist Party win in the 1930s elections?
77
What did powerful businessmen want to stop which resulted in them supporting the Nazis?
The growth in support for the German Communist Party
Which businesses supported the Nazi Party?
Siemens, Bosch, Krupps
How many members did the SA have in 1930?
400,000
What was the major method used by the SA in the elections of 1930 and 1932?
Violence
How many newspapers did the Nazis own?
8
What were held to demonstrate the order and discipline of the Nazi Party?
Huge rallies
Who was the president of Germany after the 1932 elections?
Hindenberg
Who organised a right wing coalition in April 1932?
von Schleicher
Who persuaded Hindenburg to sack Bruning in 1932?
von Schleicher
Who was put in charge of the coalition that included Hitler in 1932?
von Papen
How many seats did the Nazis have in July 1932?
230
How many seats did the Nazis have in Nov 1932?
190
In December 1932, who did Hindenburg appoint as chancellor?
von Schleicher
Which figure convinced Hindenburg to appoint him as vice chancellor with Hitler being chancellor?
von Papen
When did Hitler become chancellor?
30 Jan 1933
How did von Papen lose support in the Reichstag?
His request to suspend the constitution and make him the head of a military dictatorship was leaked
How many Nazis were in Hitler’s cabinet when he became chancellor?
2
How many of the Reichstag members where Nazis when Hitler became chancellor?
1/3
Who was found on the site of Reichstag fire?
van der Lubbe
Who was van der Lubbe?
A Dutch Communist
How many Communist leaders were arrested on the night of the Reichstag?
4000
When did Hitler call for an election for a new Reichstag?
5 March 1933
How many SA members were recruited as ‘police auxiliaries’?
50,000
Political violence during the March 1933 election led to how many deaths?
70
How many seats did the Nazis gain in the March 1933 election?
288
What the name of the decree passed by Hitler on 28 Feb 1933?
The Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People.
What did Hitler do to ban the Communist Party members from the Reichstag for the Enabling Act vote?
He used emergency powers
Which parties did Hitler gain the support from for the Enabling Act vote?
The National Party
Centre Party
Who did Hitler use to persuade the Social Democratic Party to vote for the Enabling Act?
SS + SA
By how many votes did the Enabling Act pass?
444 to 94
How many times did the Reichstag meet when Hitler was in power?
12
When did Hitler close down Germany’s 12 state parliaments?
31 March 1933
When did Hitler abolish all state parliaments?
January 1934
When did Nazis break into trade union offices and arrest their leaders?
2 May 1933
When were the Social Democrats suspended?
10 May 1933
When was the Communist Party suspended?
End of May 1934
When did Hitler create the law to ban all other political parties except for the Nazi Party?
July 1933
What was targeted by the Enabling Act?
The local government
Trade unions
Other political parties
What did the Enabling Act allow?
It allowed Hitler to make laws and sign treaties with foreign powers without the approval of the Reichstag
How many members did the SA have in 1934?
More than 2 million
Who was the head of the SA until the Night of the Long Knives?
Ernst Rohm
Who hated the SA’s influence?
Himmler (SS leader)
Why did the Night of Long Knives take place?
SA members were an embarrassment - didn’t fear punishment
Rohm wanted to adopt socialist policies
Rohm was homosexual
SA wanted to replace the army
Rohm was a possible rival leader of the Nazi Party
How many SA officers were arrested by the SS during the Night of Long Knives?
200
When did President Hindenberg die?
2 August 1934
How much of the public vote did Hitler gain during the plebiscite about Hitler becoming Fuhrer?
90%
What was the name of the new central Court set up by the Nazi party?
People’s Court
In 1936 who took control of the SS and Gestapo?
Himmler
What was the law that made it illegal to even tell jokes about Hitler?
The Law on Malicious Gossip
Who was the Minister of Propaganda and National Enlightenment from 1933?
Joseph Geobells
What did all newspaper owners, editors and journalists have to be a member of?
Reich Press Chamber
What did all writers, actors and musicians have to be a member of?
Reich Chamber of Commerce
Which American athlete won 4 gold medals at the 1936 Olympics?
Jesse Owens
What did race studies teach students?
Aryan superiority
How Jews were the lowest racial type
What was given more focus in school during Nazi rule? Why?
PE
Boys to be soldiers
Girls to be healthy and strong - give birth more and easily
What was Domestic Science?
Lesson for girls to prepare them for a future as mothers and wives
What were Hitler Leadership Schools set up for?
To educate boys for future leadership in Reich
When was the Hitler Youth founded?
1926
When did the Nazis ban all other youth groups?
1933
When was the Hitler Youth Law passed?
1936
What was the Hitler Youth Law?
All eligible young people had to belong to a Nazi youth organisation
When did membership to a Nazi youth become compulsory?
1939
By 1939 how many people were members of a Nazi youth organisation?
8 million
In 1933, which law provided loans to help encourage young couples to marry?
Law for Encouragement of Marriage
What would women have to do to get a loan from the Law of Encouragement of Marriage Act?
Give up work
Why was the number of women in work larger in 1939 than 1933?
Because of the rearmament policy
When was the Concordat signed?
1933
What was the name of the agreement signed with the Catholic Church in 1933?
Concordat
What did the Concordat state?
That the Church wouldn’t get involved in political affairs
The Catholic Church would have freedom of worship and be able to run its own youth groups + schools
How did Hitler go against the Concordat?
He took down Christian symbols, censored Catholic newspapers and hinted that there was financial corruption in the Church
When did Pope Pius XI try to make a stand against the Nazis?
1937
What did Pope Pius XI do?
He wrote a statement that attacked the Nazi criticism of the Church that was read out by priests in all churches
What did the Nazis do in retaliation to Pope Pius XI?
Membership of the Catholic League was made illegal
State funding of the Church was cut
Property of some monasteries were seized
Catholic Church schools were closed
Priests were arrested and some sent to camps
What was the name of the Protestant church which was created to support Nazi beliefs?
Reich Church
When was the Reich Church formed?
1933
Who was made Bishop of the Reich Church?
Ludwig Muller
When was the Confessional Church set up?
1934
Who led the Confessional Church?
Martin Niemoller
Dietrich Bonhoeffer
When was the Sterilisation Law passed?
1933
From when were Jews, homosexuals etc sent to concentration camps?
1936
When was marriage between Germans and gypsies banned?
1935
When was marriage between Aryan and black people banned?
1935
When were Jews banned from government employment?
1933
When were Jews banned from public spaces?
1936
When were the Nuremberg Laws passed?
September 1935
Which 2 laws were part of the Nuremberg Laws?
Reich Law for Protection of German Blood an Honour
Reich Law on Citizenship
How many German Jews had fled by 1941?
2/3
When was the Reich Office for Jewish Emigration set up?
Jan 1939
When was Kristallnacht?
9-10 Nov 1938
How many Jews were killed and arrested on the Night of Broken Glass?
91 killed
30,000 arrested
What damage was caused on the Night of Broken Glass?
Over 800 Jewish shops
191 synagogues were vandalised
How much money did the Jewish community have to pay for the damage caused during Kristallnacht?
1 billion Reichsmark
When was the ‘Four Year Plan’ made?
1936
How much debt was the government in, in 1939?
40 billion marks
To reduce unemployment, Hitler _______ spending on public work programmes
Doubled
How many people were unemployed in 1933 an 1939?
6 million
1/2 million
Who did the Nazis pay to create jobs?
Private companies
Who weren’t included in unemployment figures?
Jews + women
What were unemployed men forced to join from 1935?
RAD - National Labour Service
What does KDF mean?
Strength through Joy
What does SDA mean?
Beauty of Labour
What was the trade union set up by the Nazis?
DAF - German Labour Front
What were the 2 programmes of the DAF to improve workers’ lives?
KDF
SDA
What was the KDF responsible for?
Running activities for workers in leisure time
What was the SDA responsible for?
Improving working conditions
How many Jews were there in Poland in 1939?
3 million
What was the ghetto in Warsaw surrounded by?
3.5 m wall topped with barbed wire and broken glass
Between Jan 1941 and July 1942, how many people died on average each moth in the Warsaw ghetto?
4,000 Jews
When was the Final Solution introduced?
July 1942
When did Germany invade the Soviet Union?
June 1941
What was the name of the special units that carried out mass executions of Jews, Communists and gypsies in Eastern Europe?
Einsatzgruppen
When did concentration camps begin being converted into extermination camps?
Jan 1942
How many non-Jews died in camps?
5 million
How many Jews died in the Holocaust?
6 million
When was the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto?
April 1943
During the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, how many people were arrested and shot?
56,000 arrested
7,000 shot
How many children were evacuated as part of the Kinderlandverschickung program?
2.5 million
How many camps were there for evacuated children in Germany?
9000
When did rationing begin?
August 1939
When did rations begin to include clothes?
Nov 1939
Which winters were there a shortage of coal and shoes?
1939-40 and 1940-41
What were the rations in May 1942?
Half a loaf of bread + 40g of meat per person per day
When was a ‘total war’ announced?
Feb 1943
How many prisoners were working in German industry by 1944?
7 million
From when did all men and women have to register to work?
Jan 1943
What were the age ranges to register for work during total war?
Men: 16-65
Women: 17-45
When did they increase week working hours to 60 hours and ban holidays?
August 1944
When did Allied bombing begin?
August 1940
How many German cities were bombed from March-July 1943?
43
When were the raids on Hamberg?
1943
How many people were killed or forced to flee from the raids on Hamberg?
42,600 killed
1 million fled
When did strategic allied bombing begin?
1944
By how much did the bombing raids reduce German war production?
1%
By how much did the bombing raids on the Ruhr valley reduce German metal production?
40%
At the end of the war, how much of the labour force was made up by women?
60%
Which opposition group began in Rhineland in 1937?
Edelweiss Pirates
Who founded the White Rose Group?
Hans and Sophie Scholl
Most of the members of the White Rose Group were students of which university?
Munich University
How many leaflets were published in 1942-43 by the White Rose Group?
6
When was the July Bomb Plot?
20 July 1944
Who led the July Bomb Plot?
General Ludwig Beck
Colonel von Stauffenberg
Dr Goerdeler
How many people died during the July Bomb Plot?
4
How many people were arrested during the July Bomb Plot? How many of them were executed?
7,000
6,000
When did Hitler kill himself?
30 April 1945
When did Germany surrender to the Allies?
7 May 1945
When was the Enabling Act passed?
24 March 1933
