Video 17 Neurotransmission Flashcards
What is the Hemicholiniam function ?
Inhibit the choline transport.
Once, Into the cell what enzyme convert acetyl-coA + choline to ACh ?
Choline acetyltranseferase.
What is the drug that inhibit the ACh package in the vesicle ?
Vesamicol
What kind of functions does the calcium in the presynaptic membrane?
Release vesicles
Patient who suffered a black widow spider attack, what mechanism is activated for the toxin?
The toxin stimulates the release of ACh, and cause spastic paralysis.
What effect does the botulinum toxin?
Inhibit the release of ACh in the synaptic membrane , and causes flaccid paralysis.
What drug degraded ACh ?
ACh Esterase, in the postsynaptic membrane.
Which enzyme convert the Phenylalanine to Tyrosine, and what is the disease when there are deficit of this enzyme?
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase, the disease is Phenylketonuria.
Newborn who present an Autosomal recessive disorder with intellectual disability, growth retardation, seizures, fair skin, eczema and musty body odor, what is the enzyme affected and which is the treatment?
The patient has phenylketonuria deficit of phenylalanine Hydroxylase. The treatment consist In Less phenylalanine and high tyrosine diet, also tetrahydrobiopterin supplementation.
Which is the primordial cofactor to develop dopamine?
B6 pyridoxine
Which is the cofactor to develop norepinephrine from dopamine?
Vitamin C
What drug inhibit the Tyrosine Hydroxylase enzyme?
Metyrosine
Which enzyme convert tyrosine to dopa?
Tyrosine Hydroxylase
What step is inhibit by Reserpine?
The Norepinephrine packing into the vesicle.
What substances can release the norepinephrine from the vesicles?
Amphetamine, ephedrine and tyramine.
*inhibitory for Guanethidine and Bretylium.
Which are the norepinephrine receptors in the postsynaptic membrane ?
Adrenoreceptors alpha or beta
Which receptors are in the presynaptic membrane that can inhibit release of norepinephrine ?
Alpha 2 (sympathetic) and parasympathetic M2
Which is the release-modulating receptors for the norepinephrine ?
AT II (angiotensin 2) receptor in the presynaptic membrane.
What substances inhibit the norepinephrine reuptake?
Cocaine, TCAs ( Tricyclic antidepressant) and amphetamine.
What enzyme can Methylates norepinephrine ?
Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)
What function do the Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)?
Oxidizes norepinephrine.
Which G-protein linked second messenger receptor does vascular smooth muscle contraction (vasoconstriction)?
Alpha 1 sympathetic G-protein class q, Also it does mydriasis, and intestinal and bladder sphincter muscle contraction.
Which is the choline cotransport?
Na, Sodium.
What is the receptor that inhibit norepinephrine release and also inhibits norepinephrine-mediated vasoconstriction?
Alpha 2 receptor, G-protein class i
Which of the receptors beta increase heart rate and myocardial contractility?
Beta 1 receptor G-protein class s, also increase renin release.
Which of the beta receptors have their major functions in lung?
Beta 2 receptor G-protein class s, major functions: -vasodilation -bronchodilation -tocolysis(decrease uterine tone), -ciliary muscle relaxation.
Where you can find the M1 and M2 receptors?
M1 G-protein class q = Enteric nervous system, “rest and digest”. M2 G-protein class i = decrease contractility and heart rate in the atria the SA node.
Which is the receptor that increase bladder contraction, increase gut peristalsis, lacrimation or tearing?
M3 G-protein class q, also it making mitosis and bronchoconstriction.
Major functions of D1 and D2 receptors:
D1 G-protein class s: relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle. D2 G-protein class i: modulates transmitter release, especially in brain.
What receptor is involved in the symptoms of the allergy?
H1 G-protein class q receptors also are responsible for pruritus and bronchoconstriction.
Patient who has gastritis, which Histamine receptor is involved I the increase gastric acid secretion?
H2 receptor G-protein class s
Vasopressin 1 and 2 functions:
V1 G-protein class q (increase vascular smooth muscle contraction). V2 G-protein class s (increase reabsorption in collecting tubules of the kidney) v2 is found in the 2 kidneys.
Which receptor response to epinephrine and norepinephrine ?
Alpha and beta receptors
Muscarinic receptors response to…
Acetylcholine.
How many receptors are used by Dopamine?
D1 and D2
What enzyme is activated by Gq receptor?
Phospholipase C. Norepinephrine>phospholipase C> separate PiP2 in 1) Ip3>increase calcium > smooth muscle contraction.
2) DAG > protein kinase C.
“Cutesies HAVe 1 M&M”.
Gi i inhibit Adenylyl cyclase which are Gi receptors?
MAD’2
What is the function of Gs?
Stimulate Adenylyl cyclase that convert ATP in cAMP and development protein kinase A that increase calcium (heart), and myosin light-chain kinase(smooth muscle)
What substances inhibit the reuptake norepinephrine ?
Cocaine and TCAs.
What substances stimulate the release of norepinephrine from neurons?
Calcium, amphetamines, ephedrine and tyramine.
What G protein class does each of the following receptors stimulate? Alpha 1 and 2, Beta 1 and 2, Muscarinics 1,2 and 3, and Dopamine 2.
Alpha 1 (q), alpha 2 (i), beta 1(s) and 2 (s), M1(q), M2(i), M3(q), D2(i).
Outline the pathway by which stimulation of Gs receptor activates protein Kinase A?
Gs active Adenylate cyclase> increased levels of cyclic AMP> activation of protein kinase A.
What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic, parasympathetic
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system?
Intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord T1 to T3.
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Brainstem (cranial nerve nuclei) and spinal cord from S2 to S4.
Which is the primary neurotransmitter (NT) of the both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?
Acetylcholine (ACh).
Which is the primary type of cholinergic receptor of both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?
Nicotinic
Which NT mediates the neurotransmission of impulse from sympathetic neurons to effector organs?
Norepinephrine (NE)
Which NT mediates the transmission of Impulses from parasympathetic neurons to effector organs ?
ACh
Which NT mediates the transmission of impulses from somatic neurons to skeletal muscle?
ACh
What types of receptors are present on the effector organs innervates by the sympathetic nervous system?
Alpha-1 & 2.
Beta- 1 & 2.
What type of receptor is present on the effector organs innervated by the parasympathetic nervous system?
Muscarinic.
What type of receptor is present on muscle innervated by the somatic nervous system?
Nicotinic.
