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Bacteriology F > Vibrio and Campylobacter > Flashcards

Vibrio and Campylobacter Flashcards

1
Q

How vibrio Cholera is serotyped?

A

We can serotype vibrio cholera on the basis of the O antigen

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2
Q

From where originates the disease cholera?

How it has spread?

A

It originates from India.

Because of traveling, it has spread.

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3
Q

Are they motile? Are they spore forming?

A

They are motile with a single polar flagellum

They are nonspore forming

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4
Q

What are the results of the oxidase and catalase tests?

A

They are oxidase positive, catalase positive

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5
Q

How vibrio cholera are transmitted?

A
  • fecal oral route
  • direct contact
  • by ingestion: if ingestion of contaminated water, large infectious dose is needed / if ingestion of contaminated food, small infectious dose is needed
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6
Q

What is the clinical presentation?

A

Cholera: Rice water diarrhea and dehydration

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7
Q

In which case is the infectious dose is small? Large?

A

The infectious dose is large if with water, it is smaller if with food.
It is a small if the patient is achlorhydric (Low HCL in the stomach lumen) or taking antacids

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8
Q

Are bacteria sensitive to stomach acidity?

A

The small inoculum size needed when patients are achlorhydric or taking antacids explain the fact that these bacteria are very sensitive to stomach acidity

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9
Q

What’s the incubation period?

A

1 to 4 days

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10
Q

What is the site of infection?

A

Small intestine

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11
Q

To which cells bacteria adhere?

A

There is adherence to M cell in the ileum.

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12
Q

Which toxin is produced? By what it is encoded?

A

Cholera toxin which is an AB5 toxin

It’s encoded by chromosomal genes

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13
Q

To which receptors the toxic binds?

What is its structure?

A

It binds to ganglioside receptors.

It has 2 A subunits and 5 B subunits, helping in its stability as it adheres.

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14
Q

What is the function of this toxin?

A

A1 activates adenylate cyclase activity, increasing cAMP, leading to the secretion of more Cl-, and less absorption of Na+, and thus to osmotic loss of water to the lumen, which causes distention of the abdomen.

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of an infection?

A
  • Nausea more than vomiting
  • Diarrhea that starts slowly, then 20 to 30 L of electrolytes and fluids per day, causing dehydration, acidosis, and shock. The stool is rice water stool. It contains WBC, too many vibrios, and too much mucus.
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16
Q

What is the cause of suck in the case of Vibrios?

A

it is due to the endotoxin

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17
Q

What causes the diarrhea? Is there any bacteremia or invasion of bacteria?

A

It is just the toxin that causes the diarrhea, there is no invasion nor bacteremia

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18
Q

Which prophylactic measures should be taken before an epidemic?

A
  • Antibiotics: tetracycline, but we cannot give it for a long time because of its side effects plus the plasmid mediated resistance
  • Proper nutrition
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19
Q

What are the vaccines?

A

Vaccine from O antigen, Lipopolysaccharide extract

Vaccine of killed bacteria where all antigens are present without the DNA

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20
Q

When vaccines are given?

A

Vaccines are given before an epidemic, they are not efficient during an epidemic

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21
Q

What type of protection do they give? What is the validity of the vaccine?

A

They give you short term protection

The validity of the vaccine is for only 6 months, after which they have to receive it again

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22
Q

What specimen should be taken?

A

Specimen is taken from rice water stool

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23
Q

Are they gram negative or positive?

A

They are gram negative bacteria

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24
Q

What is their shape?

A

They are comma shaped with a single polar flagellum

25
Q

What is their specific medium? What colonies do they give?

A

The TCBS medium (Thiosulfate, citrate, bile salt, sucrose agar)
They give yellow colonies

26
Q

What are the results of the catalase and oxidase tests

A

They are catalase positive, oxidase positive

27
Q

Which test is used in serology?

A

The ELISA, it is used to follow up whether Ab are still present or not, but not helpful in diagnosis

28
Q

What is the treatment?

A

Proper nutrients and dehydration

Tetracycline

29
Q

Do we have permanent immunity to cholera?

A

No permanent immunity

30
Q

How vibrio parahemolyticus are transmitted?

A

Why ingestion of raw fish or raw fish products like oysters

31
Q

What is the clinical presentation?

A

Gastroenteritis similar to that of salmonellosis

32
Q

What are the symptoms?

A

Vomiting, diarrhea that can start watery and progress into bloody, abdominal cramps, fever

33
Q

what is their selective medium? Which colonies do they give?

A

They give green colonies on TCBS

34
Q

What is the treatment?

A

Just supportive care

35
Q

How Campylobacter jejuni is transmitted?

A
  • from animals to humans
  • drinking contaminated water
  • from humans to humans
  • flies want to be a way of transmission
36
Q

How can it be transmitted from animals to humans?

A
  • fecal oral route, water is a good source
  • ingestion of contaminated meat like sausages
  • drinking unpasteurized milk
37
Q

How it is transmitted from humans to humans?

A

By direct contact or sexually

38
Q

What’s the clinical presentation?

A

Bloody diarrhea

39
Q

Are they gram negative or positive?

A

Gram negative bacteria

40
Q

Are they spore forming?

A

Non-spore forming

41
Q

What are the results of the oxidase and catalase tests?

A

They are oxidase positive, catalase positive

42
Q

Which structure have an endotoxic activity?

Which antigens are heat stable? Heat labile?

A

They have Lipopolysaccharides with Endotoxic activity

Heat stable lipopolysaccharide O antigens and heat labile flagellar protein antigens

43
Q

What are the primary sites of infection?

A

jejunum and ileum

44
Q

Which lymph nodes can be enlarged?

A

Mesenteric lymph nodes

45
Q

What can we find in stool?

A

Red and white blood cells

46
Q

What leads to enteritis?

A

Localized tissue invasion and toxic activity

47
Q

What do we find after histological examination of mucosa?

A

Acute polymorphonuclear leukocytes response, edema, superficial ulceration like in salmonella, shigella and yersenia

48
Q

What’s the incubation period?

A

Three days

49
Q

What’s the infectious dose?

A

500 to 800 bacteria

50
Q

What are the manifestations?

A

Fever for about 3 days
Abdominal pain that starts the 2nd day of the fever and lasts at least one week. It is characterized by its high intensity since it causes pain more than salmonella. It can be confused with appendicitis.
Diarrhea that starts as watery and progresses to bloody
Sweating
Nausea that is common but vomiting is less pronounced

51
Q

What are the complications?

A

Septic arthritis in ankles, knees and wrists
Guillain-barré syndrome which is in neuropathy due to demyelination (because some Ag produce Ab that cross react with the myelin sheath). It can lead to fatal paralysis and can be a complication of some vaccines.

52
Q

Is Campylobacter excreted even after recovery?

A

Campylobacter is excreted around 20 to 21 days after recovery in stool

53
Q

What are preventions?

Is there any vaccine?

A

Hygiene, proper cooking

No vaccine

54
Q

Which specimen should be taken?

A

specimen is taken from stool

55
Q

What appears after staining?

A

They are gram negative bacteria, spiral shaped with two polar flagella

56
Q

What is the selective medium? What does it contain?

A

It is the Skirrow’s medium
It contains vancomycin and polymixin that are selective for Campylobacter, inhibiting the growth of other bacteria from the fecal specimen.

57
Q

Do they give a permanent immunity?

A

There is no permanent immunity

58
Q

What are the treatments?

A

Supportive care
Antibiotics therapy, they are resistant to many types of antibiotics but they are sensitive to erythromycin and metronidazole though they are not anaerobic

Bacteriology F (16 decks)

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