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Jaspie - Biochemistry II > VI - Special Topics > Flashcards

VI - Special Topics Flashcards

1
Q

Long unbranched heteropolysaccharide chains composed of a repeating disaccharide unit

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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2
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: Amino Sugars

A

N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine

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3
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: Acidic Sugars

A

Glucuronic Acid, Iduronic Acid

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4
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: (GlcNAc, GlcUA), synovial fluid, vitreous humor, loose connective tissue

A

Hyaluronic Acid

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5
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: (GalNAc, GlcUA), cartilage, bone, cornea

A

Chondroitin Sulfate

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6
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: (GlcNAc, Gal), cornea, loose connective tissue

A

Keratan Sulfate

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7
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: (GlcN, IdUA), mast cells

A

Heparin

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8
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: (GlcN, GlcUA), skin, aortic wall

A

Heparan Sulfate

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9
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: (GalNAc, IdUA), wide distribution

A

Dermatan Sulfate

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10
Q

All GAGs are covalently attached to proteins to form proteoglycans except

A

Hyaluronic Acid (occurs indipendently)

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11
Q

Covalently linked to roteins via a trihexoside serine O-glycosidic bond

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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12
Q

Structural components of the extracellular matrix, interacts with collagen, elastin, fibronectin, laminin and growth factors, bind polycations and cations as polyanions, turgor of various tissues, sieves in the ECM

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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13
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: important role in permitting cell migration during morphogenesis and wound repair, attracts water into the extracellular matrix, contributes to compressibility of cartilage

A

Hyaluronic Acid

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14
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: located at sites of calcification in endochondral bone and in cartilage

A

Chondroitin Sulfate

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15
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: play a critical role in corneal trarnsparency

A

Keratna Sulfate I and Dermatan Sulfate

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16
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: have a structural role in sclera

A

Dermatan Sulfate

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17
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: important anticoagulant, binds with factors IX and XI but its most important interaction is with plasma antithrombin III

A

Heparin

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18
Q

Glycosaminoglycans: component of plasma membranes where they may act as receptors and participate in cell adhesion and cell-cell interactions, determine charge selectiveness of renal glomerulus, component of synaptic and other vesicles

A

Heparan Sulfate

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19
Q

Synthesis of GAGs: polysaccharide chains are elongated by the sequential addition of alternating acidic and amino sugars donated by

A

UDP derivatives

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20
Q

Synthesis of GAGs: catalyzed by a family of specific

A

transferases

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21
Q

Synthesis of GAGs: Location

A

endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus

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22
Q

Degradation of GAGs: GAGs are phagocytosed, and in order to be degraded, the vesicles fuse with

A

lysosomes

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23
Q

Degradation of GAGs: lysosomal degradation of GAGs is accomplished by

A

acid hydrolases

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24
Q

Accumulation of GAGs in lysosomes due to deficiency in hydrolases

A

Mucoolysaccharidoses

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25
Q

Mucoolysaccharidoses: all are autosomal recessive except

A

Hunter’s Syndrome (X-linked Recessive)

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26
Q

Mucoolysaccharidoses: all present with mental retardation except

A

Morquio’s Syndrome

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27
Q

Mucoolysaccharidoses: Type IH, α-L-iduronidase deficiency, corneal clouding, cardiomyopathy, mental retardation

A

Hurler’s Syndrome

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28
Q

Mucoolysaccharidoses: Type II, iduronate sulfatase deficiency, no corneal clouding, cardiomyopathy, mental retardation

A

Hunter’s Syndrome

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29
Q

Mucoolysaccharidoses: Type IV, galactose-6-sulfatase deficiency, no CNS involvement, skeletal dysplasia, short stature

A

Morquio’s Syndrome

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30
Q

Proteins to which oligosaccharides are covalently attached

A

Glycoproteins

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31
Q

Short & branched carbohydrate chains, no repeating sugar units

A

Glycoproteins

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32
Q

Long & linear carbohydrate chains, repeating sugar units

A

Proteoglycans

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33
Q

Cell surface recognition, antigenicity, components of the extracellular matrix and of the mucins of the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts

A

Glycoproteins

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34
Q

Major Classes of Glycoproteins

A

O-linked, N-linked, Glycosylphosphatidyinositol (GPI)-linked

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35
Q

O-linked Glycoproteins

A

Hydroxyl Groups: Serine, Threonine

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36
Q

N-linked Glycoprotein

A

Amide Group: Asparagine

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37
Q

Occurs through interaction of ZP3, an O-linked glycoprotein in the zona pellucida, with a surface protein on the sperm surface (galactosyl transferase)

A

Fertilization

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38
Q

Circulating leukocytes adhere to the endothelium through selectins on the latter’s cell surface

A

Inflammation

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39
Q

Deficient phosphorylation of mannose residues in N-linked glycoprotein pre-enzymes, defect in labelling of pre-enzymes so they can be correctly transported to lysosomes

A

I-cell Disease

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40
Q

Skeletal abnormalities, restricted joint movement, coarse facial features, severe psychomotor impairment

A

I-cell Disease

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41
Q

Glycoprotein of the influenza virus that allows new viruses to exit infected cells

A

Neuraminidase

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42
Q

HIV surface glycoprotein used to attached to cells

A

gp120

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43
Q

HIV surface glycoprotein used to fuse with the host cell membrane

A

gp41

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44
Q

Alteration in the glycosylation of circulating IgG molecules such that they lack galactose in their Fc regions and terminate in GlcNAc

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

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45
Q

In Malaria, attachment of plasmodium falciparum to human cells is mediated by a _____ present on the surface of the parasite

A

GPI-linked Glycoprotein

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46
Q

Discovered by Landsteiner in 1900, membranes of the RBCs of most individuals contain one blood group substance

A

ABO Classification

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47
Q

On membranes of RBCs, the oligosaccharides that determine the specific natures of the ABO substances appear to be mostly present in

A

glycosphingolipids

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48
Q

Antigen on Type A blood

A

N-Acetylgalactosamine

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49
Q

Antigen on Type B blood

A

Galactose

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50
Q

Antigen on Type AB blood

A

N-Acetylgalactosamine, Galactose

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51
Q

Polypeptide hormones secreted by β-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas, stimulated by high blood glucose, inhibited by epinephrine

A

Insulin

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52
Q

Its receptor has tyrosine kinase activity leading to a cascade of cell-signalling responses, increased anabolism, decreased catabolism

A

Insulin

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53
Q

Mechanisms stimulated by Insulin

A

glucose uptake, synthesis of glycogen, protein and fat

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54
Q

Mechanisms inhibited by Insulin

A

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis, lipolysis

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55
Q

Polypeptide hormone secreted by the α-cells of the islets of Langerhans of the endocrine pancreas, timulated by low blood glucose, AA and epinephrine, Inhibited by high blood glucose and insulin

A

Glucagon

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56
Q

Its receptor is a G-protein that activates adenylate cyclase to increase cAMP and protein kinase A, maintains blood glucose during periods of hypoglycemia

A

Glucagon

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57
Q

Mechanisms stimulated by Glucagon

A

gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, ketogenesis, uptake of AA

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58
Q

Mechanism inhibited by Glucagon

A

glycogenesis

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59
Q

Hormones that counteract insulin

A

glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone epinephrine

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60
Q

Hypoglycemia: Glucose Level

A

< 40 mg/dL

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61
Q

In ethanol intoxication, there will be less _____ & _____ hence there will be less substrates for _____ predisposing the body to _____.

A

OAA, pyruvate, gluconeogenesis, hypoglycemia

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62
Q

2-4 hour period after ingestion of a normal meal, transient increases in plasma glucose, AAs and TGs, increased insulin, decreased glucagon, anabolic

A

Absorptive/Fed State

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63
Q

Fed State: fuel for most tissues

A

glucose

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64
Q

Fed State: replenishes its glycogen stores, replaces any needed hepatic proteins, increased TG synthesis

A

liver

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65
Q

Fed State: increased TG synthesis and storage

A

adipose

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66
Q

Fed State: increased protein synthesis

A

muscle

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67
Q

Fed State: uses glucose exclusively as fuel

A

brain

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68
Q

In the abscence of food, plasma levels of glucose, AAs and TGs fall, decreased insulin, increased glucagon, catabolic

A

Fasting State

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69
Q

Fasting State: degrades glycogen, initiates gluconeogenesis, increased FA oxidation as a source of energy and to supply the acetyl CoA building blocks for ketone body synthesis

A

liver

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70
Q

Fasting State: degrades stored TG thus providing FA and glycerol to the liver

A

adipose

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71
Q

Fasting State: can also use FA as well as ketone bodies, protein is degraded to supply AA for gluconeogenesis in the liver

A

muscle

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72
Q

Fasting State: uses ketones in prolonged fasting

A

brain

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73
Q

Energy-rich molecules larger than that of the other dietary nutrients, fats, carbohydrates, protein, ethanol

A

Macronutrients

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74
Q

Nutrients needed in lesser amounts, vitamins and minerals

A

Micronutrients

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75
Q

Average daily nutrient intake level estimated to mee the requirement of 50% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and sex

A

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

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76
Q

Average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the requirements of >95% of all individuals in a life stage and sex

A

Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)

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77
Q

Arbitrarily set in the absence of scientific evidence to calculate an EAR or RDA

A

Adequate Intake

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78
Q

Highest average nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Level

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79
Q

Average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain an energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender and height whose weight and level of physical activity are consistent with good health

A

Estimated Energy Requirement

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80
Q

Estimated Energy Requirement: Sedentary

A

30 kcal/kg/day

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81
Q

Estimated Energy Requirement: Moderately Active

A

35 kcal/kg/day

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82
Q

Estimated Energy Requirement: Very Active

A

40 kcal/kg/day

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83
Q

Total Caloric Requirement: In-Patients

A

35 kcal/kg/day

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84
Q

Energy Requirements: Fats

A

20-35%

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85
Q

Energy Requirements: Carbohydrates

A

45-65%

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86
Q

Energy Requirements: Proteins

A

10-35%

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87
Q

Energy Content: Fats

A

9 kcal/gram

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88
Q

Energy Content: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Ketones

A

4 kcal/gram

89
Q

Energy Content: Alcohol

A

7 kcal/gram

90
Q

Energy Use: at rest but not asleep, 12 hours after the last meal, depends on weight, age and sex

A

Resting (Basal) Metabolic Rate - 60%

91
Q

Energy Use: increased metabolic rate after a meal

A

Diet-Induced Thermogenesis - 10%

92
Q

Energy Use: most variable

A

Physical Activity - 30%

93
Q

Food intake in excess of energy expenditure

A

Obesity

94
Q

Food intake less that energy expenditure

A

Undernutrition

95
Q

Protein deprivation greater the caloric reduction

A

Kwashiorkor

96
Q

Calorie deprivation greater that protein reduction

A

Marasmus

97
Q

Malnutrition: > 1 y.o. (after weaning from breastmilk)

A

Kwashiorkor

98
Q

Malnutrition: stunted, edematous, low plasma protein

A

Kwashiorkor

99
Q

Malnutrition: fatty liver, skin lesions, depigmented hair

A

Kwashiorkor

100
Q

Malnutrition: < 1 y.o.

A

Marasmus

101
Q

Malnutrition: stunted, extreme wasting, no edema, normal plasma protein

A

Marasmus

102
Q

Malnutrition: anemia

A

Marasmus

103
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

104
Q

Vitamins: absorption is dependent in ileum bile and pancreas

A

Fat Soluble Vitamins

105
Q

Factors affecting the absorption of fat soluble vitamins

A

cystic fibrosis, celiac sprue, mineral oil intake

106
Q

Forms of Vitamin A

A

Retinol (alcohol), Retinal (aldehyde), Retinoic Acid (acid)

107
Q

Promotes epithelial cell proleferation and differentiation, stored as retinyl esters, transported via retinol-binding proteins (RBP)

A

Vitamin A

108
Q

Vitamin A: growth regulators in the epithelium

A

Retinoic Acid

109
Q

Vitamin A: supports gametogenesis in gonads

A

Retinol

110
Q

Vitamin A: rod and cone cells for vision

A

Retinal

111
Q

Nyctalopia (night blindness), xerophthalmia (eye and corneal blindness), impotence, growth retardation

A

Vitamin A Deficiency

112
Q

Earliest manifestation of vitamin A deficiency

A

nyctalopia

113
Q

Hyperkeratosis, hepatomegaly, pseudotumor cerebri (inc. ICP), increased fractures, teratogen

A

Vitamin A Toxicity

114
Q

Vitamin A: Precursor

A

β-Carotene

115
Q

Forms of Vitamin D

A

Ergocalciferol, Cholcalciferol, Calcitriol

116
Q

Vitamin D: D2, milk, plants

A

Ergocalciferol

117
Q

Vitamin D: D3, skin, animals

A

Cholcalciferol

118
Q

Vitamin D: 1,25-(OH)2 Cholecaldiferol

A

Calcitriol

119
Q

Vitamin D: Precursor

A

7-dehydrocholesterol

120
Q

Vitamin D: Storage

A

25-(OH) vitamin D3

121
Q

Vitamin D: Active Form

A

1,25-(OH)2 Cholecaldiferol

122
Q

Increases intestinal absorption, bone resorption and kidney rabsorption of calcium, increases PO4

A

Vitamin D

123
Q

Vitamin D: first/25 hydroxylation

A

liver

124
Q

Vitamin D: second/1 hydroxylation

A

kidney

125
Q

Rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults

A

Vitamin D Deficiency

126
Q

Highest vitamin toxicity, hyercalcemia, anorexia, nausea, thirst, stupor

A

Vitamin D Toxicity

127
Q

Tetany seizures, Chvostek’s sign, Trosseau’s sign, long QT

A

Hypocalcemia

128
Q

Urolithiasis, bone pain, osteoporosis, constipation, PUD, pancreatitis, depression anxiety, short QT

A

Hypercalcemia

129
Q

Antioxidant in the lipid phase, protects membrane lipids from peroxidation, prevents oxidation of LDL (dec. atherogenesis)

A

Vitamin E

130
Q

RBC fragility, neurologic dysfunction

A

Vitamin E Deficiency

131
Q

Leas toxic vitamin

A

Vitamin E

132
Q

Forms of Vitamin K

A

Phylloquinone (K1), Menaquinone (K2), Menadione (synthetic)

133
Q

Carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in many calcium-binding proteins, coagulation factors (X, IX, VII, II), Protein C & S

A

Vitamin K

134
Q

Vitamin produced by bacteria in the GIT

A

Vitamin K

135
Q

Intracranial bleed in neonates due to sterile GIT and low content in breastmilk

A

Vitamin K Deficiency

136
Q

Vitamin K Toxicity

A

jaundice, hemolytic anemia

137
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic Acid (B5), Pyridoxal Phosphate (B6), Biotin (B7), Folate (B9), Cobalamin (B12), Ascorbic Acid (C)

138
Q

Water soluble vitamins are non-toxic and gets washed out in the urine except

A

B6, B12

139
Q

Active form of Vitamin B1

A

Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)

140
Q

Thiamine is used as a co-factor in

A

pyruvate, α-ketoglutarate and branched chain AA dehydrogenase, transketolase reactions in the HMP shunt

141
Q

Vitamin B1 Deficiency

A

Beri-Beri, Wernicke-Korsakoff

142
Q

Vitamin B1 Deficiency: polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting

A

Dry Beri-Beri

143
Q

Vitamin B1 Deficiency: heart failure, high-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy), edema

A

Wet Beri-Beri

144
Q

Vitamin B1 Deficiency: focal deficits, loss of memory

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff

145
Q

Active forms of Vitamin B2

A

Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN), Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

146
Q

Used as a co-factor in redox reactions as an electron carrier

A

Vitamin B2

147
Q

Stomatitis, cheilosis, dermatitis, corneal vascularization

A

Vitamin B2 Deficiency

148
Q

Active forms of Vitamin B3

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ± Phosphate (NAD, NADP)

149
Q

Used as a co-enzyme in redox reactions as an electron carrier, derived from tryptophan using B6

A

Vitamin B3

150
Q

Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

A

Pellagra (Vitamin B3 Deficiency)

151
Q

↓ tryptophan absorption

A

Hartnup Disease

152
Q

↑ tryptophan absorption

A

Carcinoid Syndrome

153
Q

↓ Vitamin B6

A

Isoniazid

154
Q

Constituent of Coenzyme A, co-factor for acyl transfers, component of fatty acid synthase

A

Vitamin B5

155
Q

Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency

A

Vitamin B5 Deficiency

156
Q

Active form of Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate

157
Q

Used as a co-enzyme in AA transamination, glycogen phosphorylase, cystathione synthase, ALA synthase, synthesis of niacin from tryptophan

A

Vitamin B6

158
Q

Combines with pyridoxal phosphate to form an inactive derivative, peripheral neuropathy

A

Isoniazid

159
Q

Gait problems, CNS toxicity, > 2 g/day

A

Vitamin B6 Toxicity

160
Q

Cobalt in the center of the corrin ring

A

Vitamin B12

161
Q

Needs IF produced by parietal cells for absorption, absorbed in the terminal ileum

A

Vitamin B12

162
Q

Active forms of Vitamin B12: Methionine Synthesis

A

5-deoxyadenosylcobalamine (homocysteine + N-methyl THF → methionine + THF)

163
Q

Active forms of Vitamin B12: Isomerization Reactions

A

Methylcobalamin (methylmalonyl mutase - methylmalonyl CoA → succinyl CoA)

164
Q

Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells leading to decreased IF secretion and vitamin B12 absorption, malabsorption, absence of terminal ileummegaloblastic anemia, neuropsychiatric

A

Pernicious Anemia

165
Q

Pernicious Anemia: Diagnostics

A

Schilling Test, Vitamin B12, Anti-IF

166
Q

Pterin Ring + Para-AminoBenzoic Acid (PABA) + Glutamate Residues

A

Folic Acid

167
Q

Active form of Folic Acid

A

Tetrahyrofolate (PABA → DHF → THF)

168
Q

Used as a co-enzyme for 1-carbon transfer, methylation reactions (synthesis of purines and thymine)

A

Folic Acid

169
Q

PABA → Dihydrofolate

A

Dihydropteroate Synthase

170
Q

Dihydrofolate → Tetrahyrofolate

A

Dihydrofolate Reductase

171
Q

Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor

A

Trimethoprim

172
Q

Dihydropteroate Synthase Inhibitor

A

Sulfamethoxazole

173
Q

Megaloblastic anemia, hyersegmentation of neutrophils, macrocytic anemia, neural tube defects

A

Folic Acid Deficiency

174
Q

Pregnant mothers must be given ___ mcg of folate daily.

A

400 mcg

175
Q

Co-factor for carboxylation reactions

A

Biotin

176
Q

Carboxylation Reactions

A

Pyruvate Carboxylase (pyruvate → oxaloacetate), Acetyl CoA carboxylase (acetyl CoA → malnyl CoA), Propionyl CoA Carboxylase (propionyl CoA → methylmalonyl CoA)

177
Q

Induced by avidin in egg whites (20), dermatitis, enteritis

A

Biotin

178
Q

Co-factor in hydroxylation of proline and lysine (collagen synthesis), dopamine β-hydroxylase (dopamine → norepinephrine), reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the stomach to increase Fe absorption

A

Vitamin C

179
Q

Loose teeth, sore gums, swollen joints, fragile vessels, anemia

A

Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency)

180
Q

Amount of iron in the body

A

3-4 g

181
Q

Amount of iron in hemoglobin

A

2/3 of total body iron

182
Q

Storage of iron in liver, spleen, bone marrow, intestinal mucosa, pancreas, myocardium, most abundant form when tissue stores are low

A

Ferritin

183
Q

Partially denatured derivative of ferritin, predominates when iron stores are high

A

Hemosiderin

184
Q

Iron transport protein in plasma

A

Transferrin

185
Q

Most common micronutrient deficiency

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

186
Q

↓ total plasma iron, ↓ transferrin saturation, ↓ serum ferritin, ↑ total iron binding capacity

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

187
Q

Iron overload syndrome with progressive hemosiderosis and resulting organ damage,, may lead to liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, DM, cardiomyopathy, hyperpigmentation, endocrine disorders, joint pain, common in old men

A

Hemochromatosis

188
Q

↑ total plasma iron, ↑ transferrin saturation, ↑ serum ferritin, ↑ total iron binding capacity

A

Hemochromatosis

189
Q

Hemochromatosis: Treatment

A

repeated phlebotomy

190
Q

Most abundant trace mineral in the body after iron, constituent of metalloenzymes

A

Zinc

191
Q

Amount of zinc in the body

A

1.5-2.5 g

192
Q

Zinc Metalloenzymes

A

Carbonic Anhydrase, Cytoplasmic Superoxide Dismutase, Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Carboxypeptidases A & B, DNA & RNA Polymerases

193
Q

Serves a structural role by stabilizing small loops in the polypeptide

A

Zinc Finger Proteins

194
Q

Dermatitis, poor wound healing, hair loss, neuropsychiatric impairments, decreased taste acuity, poor growth testicular atrophy

A

Zinc Deficiency

195
Q

Rare recessive disease with dermatitis, diarrhea and alopecia due to impaired zinc absorption

A

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica

196
Q

Amount of copper in the body

A

80-110 mg

197
Q

Major co-factor in enzymes that use either molecular oxygen or an oxygen derivative as one of their substrates

A

Copper

198
Q

Enzymesthat use copper as a co-factor

A

Cytochrome Oxidase, Dopamine β-hydroxylase, Monoamine Oxidase, Tyrosinase, Δ9 Desaturase, Lysyl Oxidase, Cytoplasmic Superoxide Dismutase

199
Q

Majority of copper is transported in the serum bound to _____ with the rest loosely bound to albumin or complexed with histidine

A

ceruloplasmin (60%)

200
Q

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia, leukopenia, hemorrhagic vascular changes, bone demineralization, hypercholesterolemia, neurological problems, TPN

A

Copper Deficiency

201
Q

X-linked recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of an ATP-dependent membrane transporter for copper, impaired transfer of copper from intestinal mucosal cells to the blood, abnormal intracellular transport

A

Menkes Syndrome

202
Q

Growth retardation, mental deficiency, seizures, arterial aneurysms, bone demineralization, brittle hair

A

Menkes Syndrome

203
Q

Hepatolenticular degeneration, intestinal absorption of copper is intact but biliary excretion is blocked, copper accumulation in liver and brain, liver damage, neurological deterioration, Kayser-Fleischer Rings

A

Wilson Disease

204
Q

Wilson Disease: Treatment

A

D-Penicillamine (forms a soluble, excretable copper complex)

205
Q

Stimulates the activity of many enzymes, can be replaced by Magnesium in most cases

A

Manganese

206
Q

Manganese excess causing psychosis and parkinsonism

A

Manganese Madness

207
Q

Occurs in a few oxidase enzymes like xanthine oxidase

A

Molybdenum

208
Q

In the form of selenocysteine, occurs in about 20 human proteins including glutathione peroxidase

A

Selenium

209
Q

Low selenium content causing cardiomyopathy, endemic in parts of China

A

Keshan Disease

210
Q

Halogen needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones

A

Iodine

211
Q

Can be incorporated in the inorganic substance of bones and teeth

A

Fluorine

212
Q

Medical compounds that are foreign to the body

A

Xenobiotics

213
Q

Major organ involved in xenobiotics

A

liver

214
Q

Phases of Xenobiotic Metabolism

A

Phase I (hydroxylation), Phase II (conjugation)

215
Q

Phase I Reaction Enzymes

A

Monooxygenases of Cytochrome P450s

216
Q

Catalyzes phase I reactions, located in the endoplasmic reticulum, enriched in the liver, inducible

A

Cytochrome P450

217
Q

Conversion of polar and water-soluble metabolites, methylation, conjugation with glucuronic acid, sulfate, acetate, glutathione or AAs

A

Phase II Metabolism

218
Q

Phase II Reaction Enzymes

A

Glucuronosyltransferases, Sulfotransferases, Glutathione S-transferases

Jaspie - Biochemistry II (15 decks)

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